Method for diagnosing and treating chronic pelvic pain syndrome

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a superior method of diagnosing Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome in men comprising measuring levels of cytokines in semen or components or fractions of semen. The invention also provides a method of treating a condition associated with elevated levels of a cytokine, such as TNF-α, in semen or a component or fraction thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an ant-cytokine compound or composition, such as an anti-TNF-α compound or composition.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/084,668, filed on May 7,1998.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (collectively referred to herein as CPPS) is a syndrome of undetermined etiology occurring in men. CPPS is the third of four subgroups of prostatitis recognized by the NIH. Category I encompasses acute bacterial prostatitis, and Category II covers chronic bacterial infection. Category III, CPPS, includes all remaining prostatitis syndromes, and is subdivided into IIIa (inflammatory) and IIIb (non-inflammatory). These sub-categories can be distinguished by the presence of leukocytosis in expressed prostatic secretions or sediment in a post-massage urine sample. Finally, Category IV represents asymptomatic prostatitis, which often is associated with benign prostate hyperplasia.

Prostatitis is extraordinarily common, resulting in approximately 2 million office visits to primary care physicians and urologists in the United States annually [1997 American Urological Association Annual Meeting, National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, National Center for Health Statistics, 1990 to 1994]. Patients with CPPS suffer from chronic, episodic pain in the perineum or pelvic region, irritative and obstructive voiding symptoms, and adverse effects upon sexual function [Alexander et al., Urology 48:568-574 (1996)]. Men with chronic prostatitis often require repeated physician visits, commonly to different physicians. Medical expenditures relating to CPPD are conservatively estimated to exceed half a billion dollars annually.

Bacterial vs. Non-Bacterial Prostatitis

Given its apparent prevalence, CPPS has defied characterization to an almost astonishing extent. While an enormous number of patients seek the care of a physician because of prostatitis-like symptoms, almost nothing is known about diagnostic criteria, etiology, or objective signs for CPPS. In a survey conducted through the Internet of 163 men with a diagnosis of prostatitis, Alexander and Trissel found that pain in the pelvic region was the most frequently reported and the most severe symptom in such patients [Alexander et al., Urology 48:568-74 (1996)]. It was because of these observations and the paucity of objective criteria for defining the disease, that the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases working group in prostatitis suggested that the disease be named Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome.

One reason for the present state of confusion regarding CPPS is the similarity of CPPS symptoms to the symptoms of bacterial prostatitis. Only about 5 to 10% of patients whose symptoms are consistent with bacterial prostatitis are shown to have infection in the prostate gland [Weidner et al., Infection 19:S109-S190 (1991)]. The misdiagnosis of CPPS as infectious prostatitis, commonly results in unnecessary treatment with multiple courses of antibiotics at enormous cost to patients and to the health care system with no clearly demonstrated benefit to patients.

An enormous amount of effort has attended the search for a fastidious organism as the cause of CPPS. No clear consensus has emerged identifying any such organism as the causative agent. Published studies have proven difficult to interpret due to lack of a standardized definition of CPPS and the variability in methodologies for detecting infectious organisms. Another difficulty with published studies is that the presence of normal flora in the male urethra complicates the interpretation of culture data. Further, many published studies lack control groups to which the findings in men with prostatitis must be compared.

Recently, Krieger et al. reported an extensive study examining trans-perineal prostate biopsies in 135 men with CPPS for bacterial 16s rRNA-encoding DNA sequences [Krieger et al, J. Clin. Microbiol 34:3120-3128 (1996)]. Krieger et al. found that 77% of the CPPS patients had bacterial DNA sequences in their prostatic tissue that were distinct from normal bowel and skin flora. Patients with bacterial DNA sequences in the prostate also had higher numbers of leukocytes in the prostatic fluid compared to patients without such DNA sequences. Krieger et al. concluded that bacteria distinct from the normal bowel and skin flora are present in the prostatic tissue of men with CPPS and are therefore a potential causative agent of CPPS.

In another study by the same group, Berger et. al reported that an aerobic or anaerobic bacterial organism could be cultured from the prostate tissue in 32% of 85 symptomatic men by performing cultures of trans-perineal needle biopsies in a specialized microbiology laboratory [Berger et al., J. Urol. 157:863-865 (1997)].

However, the Krieger et al. and Berger et al. data cannot be interpreted as positively identifying a causative agent for prostatitis because neither study compared the CPPS group with a control group lacking symptoms of CPPS to demonstrate that the prostate tissue of subjects without CPPS symptoms does not contain such bacterial DNA sequences. Furthermore, in preliminary data, the present inventors have detected similar diverse bacterial 16s rRNA-encoding DNA sequences in 8/9 patients undergoing transperineal radioactive seed implantation for localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate, all of whom had no antecedent history of CPPS symptoms [S. Keay et al, Urology 53: 487-491, 1999]. Thus, while the data of Krieger et. al. show that bacterial DNA sequences exist in the prostate of men with CPPS, the presence of these sequences is not sufficient to demonstrate a bacterial origin for CPPS.

What is clear, however, is that some men with CPPS have evidence of inflammation of the prostate. While the cellular and cytokine mediators involved in the inflammatory process have been increasingly clarified in the immunologic literature, few studies have investigated the immunobiology of the prostate gland to determine whether CPPS might be arise from an auto-immune condition.

Autoimmunity and the Prostate

Many diseases are known to result from autoimmunity. The present inventors have discovered that CPPS has an autoimmune component. The inventors hypothesize that either (1) the autoimmune component of CPPS results from an autoimmune attack upon the prostate, or (2) that a chronic inflammatory process is maintained in CPPS patients as a result of a breakdown of immunoregulatory mechanisms in the immediate environment of the prostate.

There is a substantial body of evidence demonstrating the occurrence of immunological activity within the prostate gland. However, the nature and cause of this activity, and whether it is detrimental to the host, has not been determined. Inflammatory infiltrates in the prostate are very common. In one study of 162 cases of surgically resected prostatic tissue inflammatory infiltrates were found in 98% [Kohnen et al., J. Urology 121:755-60 (1979)]. The infiltrating cells consist of monocytes and activated T and B lymphocytes [Theyer et al., Lab Invest. 66:96-107 (1992); Steiner et al., J. Urology 151:480-84 (1994)].

A rare form of prostatic inflammation, granulomatous prostatitis, has been characterized, although the etiology of the inflammation is also unknown. One of the major theories about this disease, however, is that it represents an immune reaction against self prostatic proteins induced by infection or manipulation of the gland by previous biopsy or surgical procedure [Stillwell et al., J. Urology 138:320-23 (1987); Dhundee et al., Histopathology 18:435-41 (1991)].

The disease is also observed after instillation of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) into the bladder as a treatment for superficial bladder cancer [Bahnson, J. Urology 146:1368-69(1991)].

Recent observations about the existence of subsets of CD4⁺ T cells has yielded fundamental information about immune responses in humans. CD4⁺ T cells can be separated into subsets based upon the patterns of cytokines they secrete [Mosmann, Ann NY Acad. Sci. 664:89-92 (1992)). CD4⁺ T cells that secrete IFN-γ and IL-2 are called T helper 1 (Th1) cells. Th1 cells mediate cellular immunity, such as delayed hypersensitivity responses. CD4⁺ T cells that secrete IL-4 and IL-10 are termed T helper 2 (Th2). Th2 cells are associated with antibody production and allergy. Immune responses mediated by Th1 and Th2 cells can be characterized by the local cytokine environment during the developing immune response.

Zisman et al. found IgG anti-PSA antibody titers to be higher in the serum of men with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) compared to controls [Zisman et al., J. Urology 154:1052-55 (1995)]. However, of 17 men with chronic prostatitis, Zisman et al. found no difference in mean antibody titer as compared to controls. Zisman et al. speculate that an immunologic mechanism may play a role in the symptomatology of BPH. An alternative explanation is that a Th1 type of response may be occurring in patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. In this event, no antibody response would be expected. A further understanding of the local cytokine environment in the prostate will be critical to understanding the nature of the inflammatory response that is occurring in order to more clearly understand the disease.

There remains a major need in the art for an objective means for diagnosing CPPS, to identify the cause or causes of the syndrome and for CPPS treatments that can result in an improvement in symptoms in men with the disease.

Cytokines

Cytokines are small to medium-sized proteins or glycoproteins which mediate potent biological effects on most cell types. [See Mire-Sluis, et al., eds. Cytokines (1998); also see Thompson, Angus, ed. The Cytokine Handbook (1998)] While cytokines were originally identified as key components in inflammatory processes, it is now known that cytokines are involved in many non-inflammatory physiological processes. Cytokines mediate their effects by binding to specific cell surface receptors which are coupled to intracellular signal transduction and second messenger pathways. More than one hundred cytokines have been identified to date. The inventors have identified the following cytokines as having particular importance in the operation of the present invention: IL8, GM-CSF, IL-β and TNF-α.

IL-8 is a member of the chemokine family of cytokines. IL-8 is produced by many cell types. In general, the biological activity of IL-8 results from its ability to activate the CXC chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. Among many other functions, IL-8 acts as a neutrophil chemoattractant and activating factor [Matsushima et al., Cytokine 1:2-13 (1989); Matsushima et al., J. Exp. Med. 167:1883-1893 (1988); Oppenheim et al., Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9:617-648 (1991)]. Synonyms for IL-8 include neutrophil attractant/activating protein (NAP-1), monocyte derived neutrophil activating peptide (MONAP), monocyte derived neutrophil chemotactic factor (MDNCF), neutrophil activating factor (NAF), leukocyte adhesion inhibitor (LAI), Granulocyte chemotactic protein (GCP). IL-8 can be obtained from known commercial sources.

GM-CSF, or granulocytelmacrophage colony stimulating factor, is a survival and growth factor for haematopoietic progenitor cells, a differentiation and activating factor for granulocytic and monocytic cells, and a growth factor for endothelial cells, erythroid cells, megakaryocytes and T cells [Wong et al., Science 228:810-815 (1985); Gough et al., EMBO. J. 4:645-653 (1985); Clarke et al., Science 236: 1229-1237 (1987); Groopman et al., New Eng. J. Med. 321, 1449-1459 (1989)]. GM-CSF is also known as CSFa or pluripoietin-a. GM-CSF can be obtained from known commercial sources.

IL-1β has a wide range of biological activities on many different target cell types including B cells, T cells, and monocytes (Dinarello et al., Adv. Immunol. 44:153-205 (1989); Fuhlbrigge et al., In The Year in Immunology 1988: Immunoregulatory Cytokines and Cell Growth, Vol. 5, Cruse et al., pp.21-37 (1989); di Giovine et al. lmmunol. Today 11:13-20 (1990)]. In vivo, IL-1β induces hypotension, fever, weight loss, neutrophilia, and acute phase response. IL-1β can be obtained from known commercial sources.

IL-6 is a multifunctional cytokine secreted by both lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells which regulates B and T cell function, haematopoiesis and acute phase reactions [Hirano, in The Cytokine Handbook, Thomson, ed., Academic Press, London, pp. 169-190 (1991); Kishimoto, Blood 74:1-10 (1989); Kishimoto, et al., Science 258:593-597 (1992)]. Synonyms for IL-6 include interferon-β_(2,) 26-kDa protein, B cell stimulatory factor 2 (BSF-2), hybridoma/plasmacytoma growth factor (HPGF or IL-HP1), hepatocyte stimulating factor (HSF), monocyte granulocyte inducer type 2 (MGI-2), cytotoxic T cell differentiation and thrombopoietin. IL-6 is produced by a large member of cell types, including lymphoid cells (T cells, B cells) and many non-lymphoid cells including macrophages, bone marrow stromal cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, mesangium cells, astrocytes and endothelial cells. IL-6 can be obtained from known commercial sources.

TNF-α is a potent paracrine and endocrine mediator of inflammatory and immune functions. It is also known to regulate growth and differentiation of a wide variety of cell types. TNF-α is selectively cytotoxic for many transformed cells, especially in combination with IFN-γ. In vivo, it leads to necrosis of methylcholanthrene-induced murine sarcomas. Many of the actions of TNF-α occur in combination with other cytokines as part of the “cytokine network” [Manogue et al. In The Cytokine Handbook, Thomson ed., Academic Press, London, p. 241-256 (1991); Fiers, FEBS 285:241-256 (1991); Ruddle, Curr. Opin. Immunol. 4: 327-332 (1992)]. TNF-α is expressed as a type 11 membrane protein attached by a signal anchor transmembrane domain in the propeptide and is processed by a matrix metalloproteinase (Gearing et al., Nature 338:225-228 (1994). TNF-α can be obtained from known commercial sources.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention, in one embodiment, provides a superior method of diagnosing CPPS in men. This aspect of the invention is based on the discovery that the seminal plasma levels of certain cytokines are elevated in patients with CPPS. The cytokine measurements may be accomplished by any available method; however, the sandwich ELISA is the most preferred method. Preferred cytokines include GM-CSF, IL-1-β,IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α. TNF-α is the most preferred cytokine for use in the diagnostic methods according to the present invention.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a condition associated with elevated levels of a cytokine, such as TNF-α, in seminal plasma, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-cytokine compound or composition, such as an anti-TNF-α compound or composition.

The present invention also provides a method for treating CPPS comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an ant-cytokine compound or composition, such as an anti-TNF-α compound or composition.

Many anti-cytokine agents, such as anti-TNF-α agents, are known in the art. In one aspect of the present invention, the anti-cytokine agent is selected from the group consisting of inhibitors of cytokine synthesis, inhibitors of cytokine processing, and inhibitors of cytokine activity. In another aspect, the anti-cytokine agent is an anti-TNF-α agent selected from the group consisting of inhibitors of TNF-α synthesis, inhibitors of TNF-α processing, and inhibitors of TNF-α activity.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A and B show the results of recall antigen proliferation assays performed on CD4⁺ T lymphocytes. The A) panel represents patients with a history of CPPS, and B) panel represents normal patients.

FIG. 2 shows the mean (SEM) counts per minute of recall proliferation assay data from FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 shows the seminal plasma TNF-α levels as measured by the sandwich ELISA.

FIG. 4 shows the seminal plasma IL-8 levels as measured by the sandwich ELISA.

FIG. 5 shows the seminal plasma GM-CSF levels as measured by the sandwich ELISA.

FIG. 6 shows the seminal plasma IL-1β levels as measured by the sandwich ELISA.

FIG. 7 shows the seminal plasma IL-6 levels as measured by the sandwich ELISA.

FIG. 8 shows a comparison of seminal plasma TNF-α levels versus IL-1β levels in prostatitis patients.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention provides a method for diagnosing CPPS comprising analyzing a semen component for an elevated level of a cytokine. The semen component is preferably seminal plasma, and the cytokine is preferably selected from the group consisting of GM-CSF, IL-1-β, IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-. More preferably, the cytokine is TNF-α. The present invention also provides a method for treating the CPPS by administering a cytokine inhibitor, such as a TNF-α inhibitor.

The present inventors evaluated a group of men with a history of CPPS for reactivity with normal seminal plasma as compared to a control group. The control group consisted of 15 individuals, including 3 individuals with no history of any urologic problem or symptoms who underwent leukopheresis, and 12 volunteer male blood donors whose buffy coat leukocytes were obtained 24 hours after blood donation. The CPPS group consisted of 10 men who were referred to the VA Maryland Health Care System Urology Section or the University of Maryland Division of Urology with a history of CPPS.

The results of the proliferation assay are shown in FIG. 1. The mean SEM (counts per minute) for the proliferation assay are shown in FIG. 2. These data show that a subpopulation of men with CPPS had a significant recall proliferative response to seminal plasma pulsed PBMCs, and that this response was not observed in the control group. Both normal subjects and patients with CPPS had equivalent and significant responses to the recall antigens tetanus toxoid and Candida extract. The recall response to seminal plasma was dose-dependent and the antigen appears to be contained within the secretions of the prostate. A similar recall response was observed when the seminal plasma was obtained from men with seminal vesicle atresia or from normal male volunteers.

The data clearly show that an autoimmune response to self prostatic proteins is occurring in men with the clinical syndrome of CPPS. The antigenic material in seminal plasma is presumably processed and presented by antigen-presenting cells in PBMCs.

To further characterize the observed autoimmune response, the present inventors analyzed seminal plasma for the presence of cytokines. Measurement of cytokine levels in the semen of men with CPPS represents an objective measure of genital tract inflammation as cytokines are mediators of the inflammatory response.

The pattern of seminal cytokines observed so far suggests that macrophage products proximal in the inflammatory cytokine cascade are elevated in men with chronic non-bacterial prostatitis. The T-cell cytokine IFN-γ was not detected in controls or CPPS patients (data not shown). The correlation of IL-1α and TNF-α levels (FIG. 8) strongly suggests that these cytokines are physiologically present in the semen because of some stimulus.

Elevated levels of TNF-α in these patients is particularly intriguing. TNF-α is a critical proximal mediator in several known autoimmune conditions including rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. Recent prospective, randomized, blind trials in these two diseases have clearly shown that blocking TNF-α with antibodies or receptor antagonists improves symptoms and signs of these diseases in patients [Moreland et al., N.Engl.J.Med. 337:141-47 (1997); Targan et al., N.Engl.J.Med. 337:1029-35 (1997)].

The inventors have discovered that cytokines useful in the diagnosis of CPPS include GM-CSF, IL-1-β, IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-. However, it will be apparent to those in the art that it is a routine matter in light of the instant disclosure to test seminal fluid of subjects with CPPS symptoms for all known cytokines to determine whether further cytokines are elevated in such subjects.

The most sensitive method ever applied to detect circulating human TNF-α, based on extremely high binding specificity and affinity of the p55 TNF-α receptor for TNF-α, failed to detect any circulating TNF-α protein in healthy humans [Poltorak et al., J. Immunol. Methods 169:93-99 (1994)]. The detection limit of this assay is 200 attomolar (10⁻¹⁸ mol L⁻¹), which equals 120,000 TNF-α trimers or 10 femtograms in 1 ml plasma. By contrast, in acute diseases such as septic shock, TNF-α circulates in nanomolar (10⁻⁹ mol L⁻¹) concentrations.

Methods for Diagnosing CPPS

The methods of the subject invention exploit the inventors' discovery of the relationship between cytokine levels in seminal plasma to CPPS. The inventors have shown that cytokines are secreted in measurable quantities in the semen of men with CPPS, and hence can be used for diagnostic purposes. The diagnostic methods of the present invention provide a more objective, accurate, and quantifiable measure of inflammation in the prostate of men with CPPS.

Collection of semen from men suspected of having CPPS may be accomplished via any known method. Semen is preferably incubated at ambient temperature for 30 minutes, followed by centrifugation, results in the recovery of supernatant, referred to herein as “seminal plasma.” Cytokine levels are preferably measured in this seminal plasma, but may also be measured in other semen components or fractions, such as expressed prostatic secretions

Cytokine assay of the seminal plasma may be accomplished by any known method for identifying and quantifying a protein or peptide in a body sample. Preferred assays are immunoassays, such as radioimmunoassays. The most preferred method is the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) employing commercially available monoclonal antibodies. Various receptor binding assays may also be employed in the diagnostic methods of the present invention.

Methods for Treating CPPS

The invention also provides a method for treating men determined to be suffering from a disorder associated with elevated levels of one or more cytokines in one or more components or fractions of semen, preferably seminal plasma, comprising administering one or more anti-cytokine agents, such as anti-TNF-α agents. In preferred embodiments of the claimed methods, the anti-cytokine agent is administered to a patient suffering from a disorder falling within the definition of CPPS, including prostatitis.

The anti-cytokine agent may be provided in a formulation suitable for administration to a patient. Such formulations are known in the art and depend on the chemical and physiological characteristics of the particular anti-cytokine agent.

The dosage regimen is readily determined by one of skill in the art, taking into account various factors which affect the action of the particular anti-TNF-α agent. For example, dosage may vary depending on the condition, type and/or severity of damaged tissue; the patient's age and/or diet; time, mode, and/or route of administration, as well as other clinical factors known in the art. Generally, systemic or injectable administration, such as intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (Sub-Q) injection, will be initiated at a dose which is minimally effective. The dose will then be gradually increased until a positive effect is observed. Incremental increases should be continued, so long as such increases produce a corresponding increase in effect, while taking into account any adverse affects that may appear. The addition of any other anti-TNF-α agents to the final composition may also affect the final dosage. Progress may be monitored by analyzing the cytokine levels by the diagnostic assay previously described in the subject invention.

Anti-Cytokine Agents

Compounds which interfere with the production and/or activity of various cytokines, such as TNF-α, are widely known. The term “anti-cytokine compound” as used herein includes compounds which inhibit production, processing or activity of a cytokine or its receptor. Likewise, the term “anti-TNF-α compound” as used herein includes compounds which inhibit production, processing or activity TNF-α or its receptor(s). Such compounds may, for example, bind to the cytokine or its receptor, thereby preventing the natural cytokine-receptor interaction.

Many anti-TNF-α compounds are known and/or are under development for treatment of other conditions associated with TNF-α, such as rheumatoid arthritis, insulin dependent diabetes, sepsis and Crohn's disease [see Haworth et al., “Cytokine and Anti-Cytokine Therapy”, The Cytokine Handbook, Thomson, Angus, ed., pp. 777-801 (1998)]. Synthesis of TNF-α can be inhibited by a variety of known agents, including phosphodiesterase inhibitors, prostanoids, adenosine, corticosteroids and IL-10. Glucocorticoids and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) also inhibit TNF synthesis. Processing of the TNF-α pro-protein can be inhibited by specific inhibitors of the TNF-α metalloprotease. The effects of released TNF-α protein can be antagonized by TNF-α antagonists, such as soluble TNF-α receptors or anti-TNF-α antibodies.

Anti-TNF-α agents which can be used in the methods of the subject invention also include various cytokines, endogenous mediators, and synthetic drugs. Cytokines useful as anti-TNF-α agents include, for example, IL-4, IL-10, TGFβ, and ciliary neurotrophic factor.

Endogenous mediators which can be used as anti-TNF-α agents include, for example, corticosteroids, prostanoids, adenosine, histamine, nitric oxide, retinoic acid, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Synthetic drugs useful in the methods of the present invention as anti-TNF-α agents include, for example, pentoxifylline, rodipram, cyclosporin A, chlorpromazine, thalidomide, antisense oligonucleotides, tetravalent guanylhydrazone (CNI-1493), and bicyclic imidazoles (SK&F 86002).

Compounds which inhibit TNF processing include, for example, compound 2, and GI 129471.

Compounds which inhibit TNF-α effects useful according to the present invention include, for example, anti-TNF-α antibodies and soluble TNF receptors, and TNF receptor chimeras.

Inhibition of TNF synthesis can be achieved by several means: (1) inhibition of transcription; (2) decrease of the mRNA half-life; and (3) inhibition of translation. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors pentoxifylline act mainly on transcription. Dexamethasone inhibits translation. Thalidomide specifically decreases the half-life of TNF mRNA. Furthermore, antisense oligonucleotides allow specific suppression of TNF translation.

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors are also known to suppress TNF activity. Among the clinically used phosphodiesterase inhibitors, pentoxifylline has been the most extensively studied with regard to TNF-suppressing activity. Patients receiving anti-CD3 mAbs to treat acute graft rejection have been administered pentoxifylline to decrease harmful TNF synthesis. Rolipram, a specific type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor, is 500-fold more potent than pentoxifylline at suppressing TNF synthesis. Type IV phosphodiesterase is predominant in monocytes and is therefore an excellent target for suppression of cAMP-sensitive functions in this cell type. Moreover, rolipram synergizes with prostanoids (prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), prostacyclin analogs) both in elevating cAMP concentrations and in suppressing TNF synthesis. This may confer a tropism towards inflamed tissue with high interstitial concentrations of PGE₂. Several animal studies show the efficacy of specific phosphodiesterase inhibition in vivo: in a rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), TNF suppression and amelioration by rolipram was confirmed for EAE in non-human primates (marmosets); and suppression of TNF synthesis and enhanced survival has been demonstrated following rolipram treatment in a rat model of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Rolipram was first synthesized in the early 1980s. It has been tested in clinical trials as an antidepressant but has not been marketed.

In a preferred aspect of the present invention, the anti-chemokine compound is etanercept, a dimeric fusion protein marketed under the name ENBREL. Etanercept consists of the extracellular ligand-binding portion of the human 75 kilodalton (p75) tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) linked to the Fc portion of human IgG1. The Fc component of etanercept contains the CH2 domain, the CH3 domain and hinge region, but not the CH1 domain of IgG1. Etanercept is produced by recombinant DNA technology in a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) mammalian cell expression system. Etanercept consists of 934 amino acids and has an apparent molecular weight of approximately 150 kilodaltons. Etanercept is preferably supplied as a sterile, white, preservative-free, lyophilized powder for parenteral administration after reconstitution with 1 mL of the supplied Sterile Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP (containing 0.9% benzyl alcohol). Following reconstitution, the solution of etanercept is preferably clear and colorless, with a pH of 7.4±0.3. Each single-use vial of etanercept preferably contains 25 mg etanercept, 40 mg mannitol, 10 mg sucrose, and 1.2 mg tromethamine.

The patents listed in Table 2, in Section 6.4 of the present application describe various illustrative anti-cytokine compounds which are also within the scope of the present invention.

Compositions Comprising Anti-TNF Agents and Modes of Administration

EXAMPLES

The following examples are intended to illustrate but not limit the invention.

All subjects were required to fulfill the NIDDK Prostatitis Workshop criteria for CPPS. For every protocol included an age and race-matched control group without CPPS symptoms.

EXAMPLE 1: Determination of Seminal Plasma Reactivity in CD4⁺ Cells

Seminal Plasma Used as Principal Source of Antigen

Normal seminal plasma was used as the principal source of antigen. This material was obtained from pooled normal semen donors examined in the University of Maryland Andrology/In Vitro Fertilization laboratory. Semen was used for these studies if the semen analysis showed normal sperm count, motility, volume, pH and liquefaction and no leukospermia. Semen from normal donors was allowed to liquefy by incubation for 30 minutes at room temperature and centrifuged to remove spermatozoa. The supernatant was diluted in PBS and filter sterilized through a 0.2 μm filter and cryopreserved at 70° C. in aliquots. Several specimens were pooled and frozen in aliquots to allow for multiple experiments. Seminal plasma preparations were tested for endotoxin by the Limulus amebocyte lysis (LAL) assay. It was ensured that endotoxin levels in semen were low and standardized between lots of pooled seminal plasma. Control antigens were tetanus toxoid and candida extract.

CD4⁺ Proliferation Assay

Recall antigen proliferation assays were performed on CD4⁺ T lymphocytes from the PBMC of all subjects enrolled in the protocol as described previously [Cohen et al., J. Immunother. 14:242-252 (1993)]. Complete medium (CM) consists of RPMI-1640 containing 10% pooled human serum plus penicillin/streptomycin. PBMC was produced from leukopheresis packs by centrifugation over Lymphocyte Separation Medium. Aliquots of PBMC were cryopreserved in 10% DMSO in human serum avoiding exposure to potential bovine antigens in fetal bovine serum. Human serum from males may contain prostatic antigens, such as PSA. However, PSA is present in normal male serum in low amounts and all comparisons of reactivity to antigen are made to unpulsed antigen presenting cells cultured in the same medium alone. Hence any effect of traces of prostate antigens in human serum cannot explain differences between pulsed and unpulsed groups. PBMC was enriched for CD4⁺ T cells by immunoaffinity column chromatography by negative selection (R & D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn.). This was the responding population.

The stimulator cells consisted of autologous whole PBMC pulsed with various dilutions of pooled human seminal plasma, salt cut proteins, purified prostatic proteins or control antigens in CM for 18 hours. Antigens were added to 3×10⁶ PBMC/well in 24 well plates containing 2 ml CM/well. Dilutions of seminal plasma and control antigens from 1:50 to 1:500 were used to determine antigen dose. Pulsed APC was washed, irradiated (3000 cGy, ¹³⁷Cs source) and mixed with the responder population in triplicate in 96 well plates at various stimulator:responder ratios. APC alone and T cells alone were set up as controls. Other wells received PHA 1 μg/mI or PHA plus unpulsed PBMC to ensure that the responder population can proliferate. The plates were incubated for 5 days at 37° C. and ³H-thymidine 1 μCi/well was added for the last 18 hours of the incubation. The cells were then harvested onto filtermats and the incorporated counts per minute (CPM) in the cells determined by liquid scintillation counting with the BetaPlate instrument (Wallac, Gaithersburg, Md.).

Data were analyzed by determining the mean of triplicate wells. CPM from stimulator PBMC alone was subtracted. A patient was considered a responder to seminal plasma if the mean CPM obtained from seminal plasma-pulsed APC exceeds the mean plus 3 standard deviations of the CPM obtained from unpulsed APC. Differences between the response of subjects within a group (prostatitis, normal volunteer) to recall and seminal plasma antigens was evaluated by the Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks test. This is a non-parametric test appropriate for a response which is not normally distributed as our preliminary data show for the response to seminal plasma. Differences in the overall mean CPM response to the antigens compared between groups (prostatitis versus normal, for example) was performed by the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. A 2 tailed p value of less than 0.05 was interpreted as excluding the null hypothesis for each comparison.

The results of these experiments are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.

EXAMPLE 2: Measurement of Inflammatory Cytokine Levels in Semen Semen Collection

Semen was obtained by masturbation into a sterile container. Subjects were abstinent for 3 days prior to sample collection. Semen was allowed to liquefy by incubation at ambient temperature for 30 minutes and then centrifuged. The supernatant seminal plasma was collected and frozen at −30° C. in aliquots until cytokine assay were performed.

Sandwich ELISA for Cytokines in Semen and Culture Supernatants

Two-antibody ELISAs were performed using commercially available paired monoclonal antibodies and recombinant standards (cytokines IL-8, GM-CSF, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were purchased from Endogen). Cytokine capture antibodies diluted in PBS were coated in polystyrene microtiter plates (Maxisorb; Nunc, Denmark) overnight at 25° C. and blocked for 2 hours with PBS containing 2% BSA and 12 mg/ml casein (Sigma) and 0.01% thimerosal. The plate was washed with TBS/Tween and 50 μl assay buffer (PBS/4% BSA/0.01% thimerosal) was added to each well.

Based on preliminary experiments, samples were diluted with PBS to adjust cytokine concentrations within the detection range of each cytokine ELISA assay. Diluted samples and recombinant standards (50 μl/well) were incubated in duplicate for 2 hours at 37° C. After thorough washing with PBS/Tween, 100 μl biotinylated detecting antibodies diluted in assay buffer were added to each well and incubated for 1 hour at 25° C.

After washing with PBS/Tween, 100 βl of streptavidin horseradish peroxidase conjugate (Dako) was added to each well for 45 min at 25° C. After a final washing, 100 ml commercially prepared peroxidase substrate (Dako) was added for approximately 30 minutes until optimal color change in the standards wells is noted. After the reaction was stopped with 100 ml 2N HCI, the absorption at 450 (minus absorption at 630 nm) was measured using a Dynatech MR 4000 microplate reader (Chantilly, Va.). The concentration of cytokine was calculated based on a standard curve performed for each plate by fitting a first or second order polynomial equation to the data using Deltagraph (Deltapoint) on a Macintosh computer. Assay reliability was monitored by including an internal control with each assay.

The results of these experiments are shown in FIGS. 3-8.

EXAMPLE 3: Effects of Administration of Prednisone on Patients with CPPS

To test the methods of the present invention, subjects with negative localization studies were started on a 30 day course of oral prednisone 60 mg once a day. Subject 1 began steroids on May 26, 1998, and stopped early (Jun. 16, 1998) dues to side effects. Subject 2 began steroids on May 26, 1998, and completed the course on approximately Jun, 24, 1998. Subject 3 began steroids on Jul. 22. 1998 and stopped early (Aug. 4, 1998) due to side effects. Subject 4 began steroids on Oct. 13, 1998. Subject 5 began steroids on Sep. 15, 1998 and completed the course on Oct. 15, 1998. All values have been multiplied by the dilution factors. The results are set forth in Table 1:

TABLE 1 Results of 30 Day Course Oral Prednisone 60 mg 1/day time in visit relation to SFQ SSI IL-1B TNF-a Patient # DATE therapy Age 0-50 0-100 1.56-100 pg/ml 3.9-250 pg/ml SUBJECT 1 0 4/24/98 pre 57 28 51 148 346 1 6/9/98 mid 31 59 118 280 2 6/12/98 end 29 42 140 364 3 8/7/98 post 23 35 84 184 SUBJECT 2 0 5/1/98 pre 43 21 37 32 44 1 5/26/98 mid 10 15 8 26 2 6/12/98 end 15 17 15 45 3 6/18/98 post 23 32 3 8 4 7/7/98 post 23 17 3 14 SUBJECT 3 0 7/22/98 pre 40 9 31 4 8 1 8/3/98 mid 16 27 19 12 2 9/8/98 post 7 18 2 8 SUBJECT 4 0 10/13/98 pre 34 32 14 112 22 1 10/27/98 mid 13 3 40 109 2 11/13/98 end 12 0 36 27 3 2/3/99 post 5 7 4 14 SUBJECT 5 0 9/15/98 pre 24 34 64 110 284 1 9/25/99 mid 33 65 — — 2 10/23/98 end 24 42 57 154

Seminal plasma was prepared by centrifugation of semen sample at 1500 rpm for 10 min and harvesting the supernatant. Seminal plasma was frozen away at −30° C. All samples were diluted 2× in PBS and subjected to cytokine analysis without any further dilutions. Samples were submitted as 125 ul aliquots for each cytokine. Cytokine analysis was done in duplicates using 50 ul of sample per well.

The score of the Symptoms Frequency Questionnaire (SFQ) increases with the frequency of symptoms. The score of the Symptom Severity Index (SSI) increases with the severity of the symptoms. The symptom indices used in the studies are described in J. C. Nickel and R. Sorensen. Transurethral microwave thermotherapy for nonbacterial prostatitis: A randomized double-blind sham controlled study using new prostatitis specific assessment questionnaires. J. Urol. 155 (6): 1950-1954,1996.

The results demonstrate that anti-TNF-α therapy can reduce both the severity and the frequency of symptoms of CPPS.

Exemplary Anti-Cytokine Compounds

The patents listed in Table 2 below describe various illustrative anti-cytokine compounds which are also within the scope of the present invention. Other such patents are available in various patent databases, such as the Lexis-Nexis patent database, by searching, e.g.,using a boolean search such as “chemokine /2 (antagoni! or inhibit!)” or similarly, “TNF /2 (antagoni! or inhibit!)”, where “!” is a universal character which allows any combination of additional letters.

TABLE 2 Exemplary Anti-Cytokine Compounds Patent Issue No. Date Title Abstract 5,900,434 May 4, Method for inhibiting the Process for the preparation of (−)-pimara-9(11),15-diene-19-oic acid(acanthoic acid) and 1999 production of interleukin-1 pharmaceutical compositions comprising acanthoic acid useful for the treatment of or tumor necrosis factor- diseases caused by an excessive production of interleukin-1 or tumor necrosis factor- alpha by administering alpha. acanthoic acid 5,900,430 May 4, Cytokine inhibitors Invented are methods of inhibiting the production of cytokines, particularly inhibiting the 1999 production of interleukin-1 and inhibiting the production of tumor necrosis factor in a mammal in need thereof which comprises administering to such mammal an effective amount of an azaspirane derivative. 5,900,417 May 4, 1,3,3- This invention relates to certain 1,3,34-(trisubstituted)cyclohexane monomers and related 1999 (Trisubstituted)cyclohexane compound which are useful in treating allergic and inflammatory diseases and for inhibiting monomers and related the production of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF). compounds 5,892,098 Apr. 6, 3,3- This invention relates to derivatives of 3,3-(disubstituted)cyclohexan-1-one monomers 1999 (disubstituted)cyclohexan- and related compounds which are useful for treating allergic and inflammatory diseases. 1-one monomers and related compounds 5,891,924 Apr. 6, Curcumin The present invention provides a method of inhibiting the activation of the NF kappa B 1999 (diferuloylmethane) transcription factor in an animal in need of such treatment comprising the step of inhibition of NF kappa B administering to said animal a pharmacologically effective dose of curcumin. Also provided activation is a method of inhibiting the nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit of the NF kappa B transcription factor in a cell or in an animal in need of such treatment comprising the step of administering to said animal a pharmacologically effective dose of curcumin. 5,891,883 Apr. 6, 4,4- The present invention relates to 4,4(disubstituted)cyclohexan-1-ol monomers and related 1999 (disubstituted)cyclohexan- compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds, and their use in 1-ols monomers and treating allergic and inflammatory diseases and for inhibiting the production of Tumor related compounds Necrosis Factor (TNF). 5,891,878 Apr. 6, Quinolones and their 1-Alkyl-substituted-quinolone-3-carboxamides have therapeutic utility via inhibition of 1999 therapeutic use Phosphodiesterase IV esterase and/or Tumour Necrosis Factor activity. The compounds of the invention have the general formula (I): [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] (I) The compounds of the invention encompassed by formula (I) include enantiomers, diastereoisomers and mixtures, including racemic mixtures. 5,891,675 Apr 6, TNF receptor death domain Novel TNF receptor death domain (“TNF-R1-DD”) ligand proteins are disclosed 1999 ligand proteins Polynucleotides encoding the TNF-R1-DD ligand protein are also disclosed along with vectors, host cells, and methods of making the TNF-R1-DD ligand protein Pharmaceutical compositions containing the TNF-R1-DD ligand protein methods of treating inflammatory conditions, and methods of inhibiting TNF-R death domain binding are also disclosed. Methods of identifying inhibitors of TNF-R death domain binding and inhibitors identified by such methods are also disclosed. 5,891,618 Apr. 6, Method for quantifying The present invention provides a method for quantifying the presence of extracellular LBP 1999 LBP in body fluids in body fluids including blood in a subject comprising conducting an LBP immunoassay on plasma obtained from said subject. 5,891,432 Apr. 6, Membrane-bound cytokine The present invention provides a cellular vaccine having a membrane-bound fusion 1999 compositions comprising protein that includes a non-antibody immunomodulatory molecule such as GM-CSF GM = CSF and methods of operatively fused to a heterologous membrane attachment domain. Non-antibody modulating an immune immunomodulatory molecules useful in the invention include immunostimulatory and response using same immunosuppressive molecules such as cytokines. In one embodiment, the invention provides a cellular vaccine having a membrane-bound fusion protein that includes a non- antibody immunomodulatory molecule operatively fused to a heterologous membrane attachment domain and, additionally, a disease-associated antigen or immunogenic epitope thereof. Further provided by the invention are methods of modulating an immune response against a disease-associated antigen by administering to an individual a cellular vaccine having a membrane-bound fusion protein that includes a non-antibody immunomodulatory molecule operatively fused to a heterologous membrane attachment domain. 5,889,011 Mar. 30, Substituted amino alkyl Compounds and pharmaceutical compositions thereof comprise the formula: (R)j- (core 1999 compounds moiety), including resolved enantiomers and/or diastereomers, hydrates, salts, solvates and mixtures thereof, wherein J is an integer from one to three, the core moiety is non- cyclic or comprises at least one, five- to seven-membered ring structure, R may be selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, substituted or unsubstituted benzyl, alkyl (C[1-6]) or alkenyl (C[1-6]), and at least one R has the formula [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] I wherein n is an integer from four to eighteen; each R′1 and R′2 is independently hydrogen, alkyl (C[1--4]) or alkenyl (C[1-4]), the alkyl or alkenyl groups being preferably substituted by a halogen, hydroxyl, ketone or dimethylamino group and/or may be interrupted by an oxygen or hydrogen atom or an alkyl (C[1-4]) group; and each R′3 and R′4 is independently hydrogen or methyl. Preferably, n is an integer from six to ten, R′1 and R′2 are independently hydrogen or methyl and R′3 and R′4 are hydrogen. The compounds are useful in treating or preventing for example sepsis syndrome, hematopoietic or organ toxicity, baldness, hair loss or allopecia caused by cytotoxic therapies, and progression of an inflammatory or autoimmune disease. 5,888,977 Mar. 30, Therapeutic uses of BPI Methods and materials for the treatment of human meningococcemia are provided in 1999 protein products for human which therapeutically effective amounts of BPI protein products are administered. meningococcemia 5,886,010 Mar. 23, TNF- alpha inhibitor A method for the prophylaxis and treatment of diseases induced by accelerated INF- 1999 alpha secretion, such as rheumatoid arthritis, endotoxin shock, adult respiratory distress syndrome, thermal burn, asthma, myocardial infarction, acute phase of viral myocardiosis, etc. which comprises administering a carbostyril compound of the formula: [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] [I] wherein R<1> is H or lower alkyl, and R<2> is phenyl(lower)alkyl having optionally 1 to 3 lower alkoxy substituents on the phenyl ring, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject. 5,883,131 Mar. 16, Cyclic sulfone derivatives A compound of the formula [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] I 1999 wherein n, p, q, X, Y, Z and Ar are as defined herein, useful in the treatment of arthritis, cancer, tissue ulceration, restenosis, periodontal disease, epidermolysis bullosa, scleritis or other diseases characterized by matrix metalloprotenase activity, as well as AIDS, sepsis, septic shock or other diseases involving the production of TNF. 5,877,222 Mar. 2, Method for treating aids- The invention comprises inhibiting expression of TNF- alpha by administering an effective 1999 associated dementia amount of a stabilized activated oxygen in a matrix of chlorite ions. Preferably, a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation of tetrachlorodecaoxide is used, and more preferably, WF-10. An effective amount of WF-10 comprises up to about 0.5 ml/kg. Another embodiment of the invention is a method of treating AIDS-associated dementia comprising the step of administering to a human an amount of a stabilized activated oxygen in a matrix of chlorite ions sufficient to inhibit production of TNF- alpha. 5,877,200 Mar. 2, Cyclic amides Cyclic amides are inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor and can be used to combat cachexia, 1999 endotoxic shock, and retrovirus replication. A typical embodiment is 3-phenyl-3-(1- oxoisoindolin-2-yl)propionamide. 5,877,180 Mar. 2, Method for treating Agonists of A[2a]adenosine receptors are effective for the treatment of inflammatory 1999 inflammatory diseases with diseases. A[2a]adenosine receptor agonists 5,877,151 Mar. 2, Method for inhibiting The present invention contemplates a composition and method for treating septic shock in 1999 production of tumor a mammal or as a prophylactic treatment prior to a surgical procedure, comprising necrosis factor administering a therapeutically effective amount of a bacterial lipopolysaccharide binding peptide derived from CAP37 protein. In a preferred version the composition and method of use may comprise a peptide comprising amino acids 20-44 or 120-146 of CAP37 or subunits thereof. 5,874,448 Feb 23, Substituted 2-(2,6 dioxo-3- 1-Oxo-2-(2,6-dioxo-3-fluoropiperidin-3-yl)isoindolines and 1,3-dioxo-2-(2,6-dioxo-3 1999 fluoropiperidin-3-yl) fluoropiperidin-3-yl)isoindolines reduce the levels of TNF alpha in a mammal. A typical isoindolines and method of embodiment is 1,3-dioxo-2-(2,6-dioxo-34luoropiperidin-3-yl-isoindoline. reducing TNF alpha levels 5,872,146 Feb. 16, Mercapto alkyl peptidyl Described herein are compounds of formula (I): [See Original Patent for Chemical 1999 compounds having MMP Structure Diagram] (I) which have MMP and TNF inhibitory activity. and TNF inhibitory activity 5,869,677 Feb. 9, 3,3- The present invention relates to novel 3,3-(disubstituted)cyclohexan-1-carboxylate 1999 (disubstituted)cyclohexan- monomers and related compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing these 1-carboxylate monomers compounds, and their use in treating allergic and inflammatory diseases and for inhibiting and related compounds the production of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF). 5,869,660 Feb. 9, Process of preparing Novel 1,4,5-substituted imidazole compounds and compositions for use in therapy as 1999 imidazole compounds cytokine inhibitors. 5,869,612 Feb. 9, Tumor necrosis factor The invention concerns new tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factors, 1999 receptor-associated factors designated TRAF. The new factors are capable of specific association with the intracellular domain of the type 2 TNF receptor (TNF-R2), and are involved in the mediation of TNF biological activities. 5,869,515 Feb. 9, 1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazol-2- The present invention concerns the compounds of formula [See Original Patent for 1999 one compounds Chemical Structure Diagram] (I) the N-oxide forms, the pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts and the stereochemically isomeric forms thereof, wherein R<1> and R<2> each independently are hydrogen; C[1-6]alkyl; difluoromethyl; trifluoromethyl, C[3- 6]cycloalkyl; a saturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocycle containing one or two heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen; indanyl; bicyclo[2.2.1]-2-heptenyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl; C[1-6]alkylsulfonyl; arylsulfonyl; or substituted C[1-10]alkyl, R3 is hydrogen, halo or C[1-6]alkyloxy [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] is a bivalent radical of formula [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] Alk is C1-4alkanediyl; -A-B- is a bivalent radical of formula: -CR<6> ═CR<7>- or -CHR<6>- CHR<7>-; L is hydrogen; optionally substituted C[1-6]alkyl; C[1-6]alkylcarbonyl; C[1- 6]alkyloxycarbonyl; optionally substituted C[3-6]alkenyl; optionally substituted piperidinyl; C[1-6]alkylsulfonyl or arylsulfonyl; aryl is optionally substituted phenyl; Het<1> is morpholinyl or optionally substituted pyridinyl, -furanyl, -thienyl, -hydroxypyridinyl, -imidazolyl, -thiazolyl, -oxazolyl, -isoquinolinyl, -quinolinonyl, -piperidinyl, -piperazinyl; and Het<2> is morpholinyl or optionally substituted piperidinyl, -piperazinyl, -pyridinyl, -furanyl or -thienyl; having PDE IV and cytokine inhibiting activity. The invention also relates to processes for preparing the compounds of formula (I) and pharmaceutical compositions thereof. 5,869,511 Feb. 9, Isoxazoline compounds as This invention relates to isoxazoline compounds of formula (I) which are inhibitors of 1999 inhibitors of TNF release tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The isoxazoline compounds are useful for inhibiting TNF in a mammal in need thereof and in the treatment or alleviation of inflammatory conditions or disease, including but not limited to rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, asthma, bronchitis, chronic obstructive airways disease, psoriais, allergic rhinitis, dermatitis and inflammatory bowel disease, sepsis, septic shock, tuberculosis, graft versus host disease and cachexia associated with AIDS or cancer. This invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions useful therefor comprising such compounds of formula (I) wherein X<1> is —(CH2)[q[OH, —CHOHR<5> or —(CH2)[m]CON(R<6>) (OH); wherein q and m are each independently 0 or an integer from 1 to 5; R<5> is (C1-C4)alkyl; and R<6> is hydrogen or (C1-C3)alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; Y<1> and Y<2> are as defined in the application. 5,869,055 Feb. 9, Anti-inflammatory CD14 The invention relates to anti-inflammatory polypeptides comprising soluble CD14 related 1999 polypeptides polypeptides having amino acids at position 7-10 that are different from the native sequence or having amino acids 1-14 deleted. 5,866,717 Feb. 2, Metalloproteinase inhibitors Compounds of general formula (I), principally characterized in that R4 is a polyether 1999 group, are water soluble matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] (I) 5,866,616 Feb. 2, 3,3-(disubstituted) The present invention relates to novel 3,3-(disubstituted)cyclohexan-1-ol monomers and 1999 cyclohexan-1-ol monomers related compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds, and their and related compounds use in treating allergic and inflammatory diseases and for inhibiting the production of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF). 5,866,570 Feb. 2, Treatment of vascular A method for identifying patients at risk of developing vascular leakage syndrome and 1999 leakage and related systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) such as septic shock by determining the syndrome such as septic serum levels of metaltoproteinase expression, in particular type IV collagenase expression, shock by administration of as well as a method of treating or preventing vascular leakage syndrome and SIRS by the metalloproteinase inhibitors administration of one or more metalloproteinase inhibitors, preferably type IV collagenase inhibitors is taught. Additionally, the therapeutic efficacy of bis(dioxopiperazine) compounds is determined on the basis of collagenase inhibiting activity, and the compounds which inhibit collagenase activity are utilized for the treatment of collagenase related disorders, e.g., vascular leakage syndrome, septic shock, stroke, cardiac disorders, angiogenesis, and arthritis. Finally, a method for preventing or treating toxicity caused by endogenous cytokine expression or cytokine administration or by immunotoxin administration by the administration of one or more metalloproteinase inhibitors preferably type IV cottagenase inhibitors is taught. 5,864,036 Jan. 26, Substituted imidazole Novel 1,4,5-substituted imidazole compounds and compositions for use in therapy as 1999 compounds cytokine inhibitors. 5,864,028 Jan. 26, Degradation resistant This invention describes compounds active against TNF- alpha mRNA. It further 1999 mRNA derivatives linked to describes RNA molecules capable of conferring stability to RNA in vivo through an TNF- alpha ribozymes endogenous ribozyme binding protein(s). Possible mRNA molecules to be stabilized include ribozymes, antisense molecules and mRNA encoding polypeptides useful for protein production. The ribozymes and antisense molecules described herein are useful in mammals and plants, particutarty suited for viral diseases. Methods of production and methods of use are also described. 5,863,949 Jan. 26, Arylsulfonylamino A compound of formula (I), wherein n, X, R<3>, R<4> and Ar are as defined above, 1999 hydroxamic acid derivatives useful in the treatment of a condition selected from the group consisting of arthritis, cancer, tissue ulceration, restenosis, periodontal disease, epidermolysis bullosa, scleritis and other diseases characterized by matrix metalloproteinase activity, AIDS, sepsis, septic shock and other diseases involving the production of TNF. [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] (I) 5,863,926 Jan. 26, 4,4- The present invention relates to novel 4,4-(disubstituted)cyclohexan-1-carboxylate 1999 (disubstituted)cyclohexan- monomers and related compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing these 1-carboxylate monomers compounds, and their use in treating allergic and inflammatory diseases and for inhibiting and related compounds the production of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF). 5,863,786 Jan. 26, Nucleic acid encoding A DNA molecule is provided which encodes a polypeptide which is capable of binding 1999 modified human tnf alpha human TNF alpha and which has the first three cysteine-rich subdomains, but not the (tumor necrosis factor fourth cysteine-rich subdomain, of the extracellular binding domain of a receptor selected alpha) receptor from the 55 kD and 75 kD receptors for human TNF alpha. The ability of the polypeptide to bind to TNF alpha means that it can be used for treating diseases mediated by TNF alpha activity, such as rheumatoid arthritis. 5,861,510 Jan. 19, Arylsulfonyl hydroxamic A compound of the formula [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] I 1999 acid derivatives as MMP wherein R<1>, R<2> R<3>, R<4> R<5>, R<6>, R<7>, R<8>, R<9> and Ar are as and TNF inhibitors defined above, useful in the treatment of a condition selected from the group consisting of arthritis, cancer, tissue ulceration, restenosis, periodontal disease, epidermolysis bullosa, scleritis and other disease characterized by matrix metalloproteinase activity, as well as AIDS, sepsis, septic shock and other diseases involving the production of TNF. 5,861,436 Jan 19, Hydroxamic acid The present invention relates to therapeutically active hydroxamic acid derivatives to 1999 derivatives as pharmaceutical compositions containing them, and to the therapeutic use of these metalloproteinase inhibitors compounds. In particular, the compounds are inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases that are involved in tissue degradation, and in addition, are inhibitors of the release of tumor necrosis factor from cells. 5,861,421 Jan. 19, 4,4-(disubstituted) This invention relates to derivatives of 4,4-(disubstituted)cyclohexan-1-ones and related 1999 cyclohexan-1-one compounds which are useful for treating allergic and inflammatory diseases. monomers and related compounds 5,859,253 Jan. 12, Metalloproteinase inhibitors L-tert-leucine-2-pyridlyamide or an acid addition salt thereof. 1999 5,859,008 Jan. 12, Arylalkyl diazinones Arylalkyl diazinone derivatives of the formula I [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure 1999 Diagram] I and their physiologically acceptable salts, R<1>, R<2>, R<3>, R<4>, Q and X have the meanings indicated in claim 1, exhibit phosphodiesterase IV inhibition and can be employed for the treatment of inflammatory processes and also of allergies, asthma and autoimmune disorders. 5,856,161 Jan. 5, Tumor necrosis factor The present invention provides an isolated and purified protein that associates with the 1999 receptor-1-associated cyloplasmic domain of the p60 form of the tumor necrosis factor receptor, having a protein kinase and methods molecular weight of about 52-55 kDa on SDS-PAGE, is a phosphoprotein, and does not for its use bind to the p80 form of the tumor necrosis factor receptor. Also provided is an isolated and purified protein kinase that binds to the cytoplasmic domain of the p60 form of the tumor necrosis factor receptor, said kinase phosphoryllates the p60 form of the tumor necrosis factor receptor. Also provided are various methods of manipulating this tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein and kinase in order to reduce various biological effects of tumor necrosis factor. 5,854,275 Dec. 29, Cyclic imide derivatives The invention relates to a compound of the formula I [See Original Patent for Chemical 1998 Structure Diagram] I wherein R<1> is a cyclic imide group and X, Y, R<2>, and R<3> are as defined herein. The invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing, and methods of using, compounds of the formula I. Compounds of the formula I are useful in the treatment of diseases related to the production of matrix metalloproteinases and tumor necrosis factor. 5,854,271 Dec. 29, Effective method for the The administration of histidine is able to prevent and ameliorate tissue and cellular 1998 amelioration and prevention damage which is caused by damaging levels of cytokines and growth factors. It is shown of tissue and cellular that histidine, when administered in therapeutic quantities is able to inhibit cytokines and damage growth factors involved in cell and tissue damage. In addition, the method of administering histidine to inhibit these molecules can prevent and ameliorate tissue, vessel and cell damage from restenosis, burns, surgical procedures and other disorders which cause and result from damaged tissues, vessels and cells. 5,854,257 Dec 29, Naphthyridinone Compounds of formula I [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] I 1998 derivatives including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof in which R1 represents a phenyl C[1-6] alkyl group (in which the phenyl ring is optionally substituted by one or more of the following: halo, a C[1-4]alkyl group, a C[1-4]alkoxy group, hydroxy or trifluoromethyl) and the alkyl chain is optionally substituted by one or more C[1-2]alkyl groups; R2 represents a C[2-6]alkoxycarbonyl group; and R3 represents hydrogen or halo are disclosed, which are antirheumatic agents and are useful as modulators of cytokine synthesis, immunomodulatory agents, antiinflammatory agents and anti-allergic agents. Compositions containing these compounds and processes to make these compounds are also disclosed. 5,854,028 Dec. 29, Compositions comprising A novel mammalian cytokine, IL-11, and processes for producing it are disclosed. IL-11 1998 IL-11 and methods of may be used in pharmaceutical preparations for stimulating and/or enhancing cells making and using IL-11 involved in the immune response and cells involved in the proper functioning of the hematopoietic system. 5,853,977 Dec. 29, Mammalian TNF- alpha The present invention provides isolated human and bovine TNF- alpha convertases, 1998 convertases nucleic acids and recombinant vectors encoding the same, host cells comprising the nucleic acids and vectors, and methods for making the convertases using the host cells. This invention further provides antibodies and antigen binding fragments thereof which speciflcally bind to the convertases and are useful for treating medical conditions caused or mediated by TNF- alpha. Also provided are screening methods for identifying specific inhibitors of mammalian TNF- alpha convertases, and for identifying nucleic acids encoding such convertases. 5,853,623 Dec. 29, Peptidyl compounds and The present invention concerns novel mercaptoalkylpeptidyl compounds of formula (I) 1998 their therapeutic use as which are useful inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase and/or TNF-mediated diseases inhibitors of including degenerative diseases and certain cancers. The invention also concerns metalloproteinases methods of treating patients suffering from disorders or diseases which can be attributed to or are associated with matrix metalloproteinase or TNF activity. 5,852,173 Dec. 22, TNF receptor death ligand Novel TNF receptor death domain (“TNF-R1-DD”) ligand proteins are disclosed. 1998 proteins and inhibitors of Polynucteotides encoding the TNF-R1-DD ligand protein are also disclosed, along with ligand binding vectors, host cells, and methods of making the TNF-R1-DD ligand protein. Pharmaceuticat compositions containing the TNF-R1-DD ligand protein, methods of treating inflammatory conditions, and methods of inhibiting TNF-R death domain binding are also disclosed. Methods of identifying inhibitors of TNF-R death domain binding and inhibitors identified by such methods are also disclosed 5,851,822 Dec. 22, Inflammation-induced The present invention describes methods of controlling and regulating the inflammatory 1998 expression of a reaction generated in response to various toxins, immunogens, pathogens and recombinant gene autoimmune insults. The method employs a vector that includes an anti-cytokine protein or antibacterial protein gene under the control of a cytokine responsive promoter. In animal models, adenoviral vectors successfully delivered the vectors to hepatic cells and were subsequently shown to respond only to stimulation by induced cytokines. 5,851,556 Dec. 22, Use of a salt of an alkaline- The invention relates to the use of a salt of an alkaline-earth metal in a cosmetic, 1998 earth metal as TNF-A or pharmaceutical, veterinary and/or dermatological composition for treating, in particular, substance P inhibitor in a sensitive skins. It relates, in addition, to the use of a salt of an alkaline-earth metal for topical composition and preventing and/or combating rosacea and/or skin irritation and/or dartre and/or pudic composition obtained erythema and/or dysesthetic sensation and/or sensation of inflammation and/or pruritus of the skin and/or of the mucous membranes. The salt is in particular strontium nitrate or chloride. 5,849,501 Dec. 15, TNF receptor death domain Novel TNF receptor death domain (“TNF-R1-DD”) ligand proteins are disclosed. 1998 ligand proteins and method Polynucleotides encoding the TNF-R1-DD ligand protein are also disclosed, along with to identify inhibitors of vectors, host cells, and methods of making the TNF-R1-DD ligand protein. Pharmaceutical ligand binding compositions containing the TNF-R1-DD ligand protein, methods of treating inflammatory conditions, and methods of inhibiting TNF-R death domain binding are also disclosed. Methods of identifying inhibitors of TNF-R death domain binding and inhibitors identified by such methods are also disclosed. 5,847,123 Dec. 8, Imide derivatives for Imide compounds having a propioloyl group or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof 1998 inhibiting the production of which exhibit potent activities to inhibit the production of Interleukin 1-beta and also the interleukin-1 beta and the production of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha. These imide compounds are useful as a production of tumor prophylactic or therapeutic agent for inhibiting the production of interleukin 1-beta and the necrosis factor alpha production of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha, typically for such diseases as chronic rheumatism, sepsis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and many other related diseases in which interleukin 1-beta and/or Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha would participate. 5,847,099 Dec. 8, TNF receptor death domain Novel TNF receptor death domain (“TNF-R1-DD”) ligand proteins are disclosed. 1998 ligand proteins Polynucleotides encoding the TNF-R1-DD ligand protein are also disclosed, along with vectors, host cells, and methods of making the TNF-R1-DD ligand protein. Pharmaceutical compositions containing the TNF-R1-DD ligand protein, methods of treating inflammatory conditions, and methods of inhibiting TNF-R death domain binding are also disclosed. Methods of identifying inhibitors of TNF-R death domain binding and inhibitors identified by such methods are also disclosed. 5,846,763 Dec. 8, DNA encoding tumor TSG-6 protein and functional derivatives thereof, DNA coding therefor, expression 1998 necrosis factor stimulated vehicles, such as a plasmids, and host cells transformed or transfected with the DNA gene 6 (TSG-6) molecule, and methods for producing the protein and the DNA are provided, as well as antibodies specific for the TSG-6 protein; a method for detecting the presence of TSG-6 protein in a biological sample; a method for detecting the presence of nucleic acid encoding a normal or mutant TSG-6 protein; a method for measuring induction of expression of TSG-6 in a cell using either nucleic acid hybridization or immunoassay; a method for identifying a compound capable of inducing the expression of TSG-6 in a cell; and a method for measuring the ability of a cell to respond to TNF. 5,846,755 Dec. 8, Method for determining the A method for determining the therapeutic potential of peptidomimetic compounds as 1998 therapeutic activity of inhibitors of zinc-dependent metalloproteinase activity associated with pathological metalloproteinase inhibitor conditions of humans and animals. compounds 5,843,943 Dec. 1, Compounds for inhibition Novel, heterocyclic compounds having at least one ring nitrogen, disclosed side chains 1998 of ceramide-mediated signal and, in some embodiments, an oxygen ortho to the ring nitrogen inhibit inflammatory transduction responses associated with TNF- alpha and fibroblast proliferation in vivo and in vitro. The compounds of the invention neither appreciably inhibit the activity of cAMP phosphodiesterase nor the hydrolysis of phosphatidic acid, and are neither cylotoxic nor cytostatic. Preferred compounds of the invention are esters. Methods for the use of the novel compounds to inhibit ceramide-mediated intracellular responses to stimuli in vivo (particularly TNF- alpha ) are also described. The methods are expected to be of use in reducing inflammatory responses (for example, after angioplasty), in limiting fibrosis (for example, of the liver in cirrhosis), in inhibiting cell senescence, cell apoptosis and UV induced cutaneous immune suppression. 5,843,918 Dec. 1, Anti-endotoxin compounds Disdosed are lipid A analogs useful for the treatment of septic shock and LPS-mediated 1998 activation of viral infection. 5,843,791 Dec. 1, TNF receptors, TNF binding DNA sequences adding for a TNF-binding protein and for the TNF receptor of which this 1998 proteins and DNAs coding protein constitutes the soluble domain. The DNA sequences can be used for preparing for them recombinant DNA molecules in order to produce TNF-binding protein and TNF receptor. With the aid of the TNF receptor or fragments thereof or with the aid of suitable host organisms transformed with recombinant DNA molecules containing the DNA which codes for the TNF receptor or fragments or modifications thereof, it is possible to investigate substances for their interaction with the TNF receptor and/or for their effect on the biological activity of TNF. 5,843,693 Dec. 1, Assay method for screening Methods and materials are disclosed for the production of purified, active recombinant 1998 for inhibitors of proTNF human neutrophil protease, PR-3, via activation of a pro-form herein referred to as proPR- conversion 3. Human PR 3 is useful for discovering inhibitors of excessive release of mature, active TNF alpha. Also disclosed are methods for the identification of inhibitors of the conversion of the pro-form of TNF alpha to its mature active form. 5,843,678 Dec 1, Osteoprotegerin binding A novel polypeptide, osteoprotegerin binding protein, involved in osteolcast maturation 1998 proteins has been identified based upon its affinity for osteoprotegerin. Nucleic acid sequences encoding the polypeptide, or a fragment, analog or derivative thereof, vectors and host cells for production, methods of preparing osteoprotegerin binding protein, and binding assays are also described. Compositions and methods for the treatment of bone diseases such as osteoporosis, bone loss due to arthritis or metastasis, hypercalcemia, and Paget's disease are also provided. 5,843,675 Dec. 1, TNF receptor death domain Novel TNF receptor death domain (“TNF-R1-DD”) ligand proteins are disclosed. 1998 ligand proteins and Polynucleotides encoding the TNF-R1-DD ligand protein are also disclosed, along with inhibitors of ligand binding vectors, host cells, and methods of making the TNF-R1-DD ligand protein. Pharmaceutical compositions containing the TNF-R1-DD ligand protein, methods of treating inflammatory conditions, and methods of inhibiting TNF-R death domain binding are also disclosed. Methods of identifying inhibitors of TNF-R death domain binding and inhibitors identified by such methods are also disclosed. 5,843,452 Dec. 1, Immunotherapy A composition for use in immunosuppression therapy is disclosed. The composition 1998 composition and method includes an immunosuppressant drug, such as cyclosporin A, and an ethanol extract of the root xylem of Tripterygium wilfordii. The extract is effective alone, or in combination with such an immunosuppressant, in the treatment of transplantation rejection. Also disclosed is a method of immunosuppression that includes administering to a subject a pharmaceutically effective amount of an immunosuppressant drug and an extract of the type above, in an amount effective to potentiate the action of the drug. 5,840,724 Nov. 24, Compounds containing This invention is directed to the pharmaceutical use of phenyl compounds, which are 1998 phenyl linked to aryl or linked to an aryl moiety by various linkages, for inhibiting tumor necrosis factor. The heteroaryl by an aliphatic- invention is also directed to the compounds, their preparation and pharmaceutica( or heteroatom-containing compositions containing these compounds. Furthermore, this invention is directed to the linking group pharmaceutical use of the compounds for inhibiting cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. 5,840,277 Nov. 24, Treatment of chronic A method and medicant for the inhibition of activation of the nuclear transcription NF- 1998 pulmonary inflammation kappa B comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of the formula: [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] where R = ethylene, R′ = C4 to C14 straight chain or branched alkyl, x is greater than 1, and y = 8 to 18 is provided. The medicant is preferably administered by aerosolization into the mammalian respiratory system. The medicant may also be applied to the mammalian skin. Preferably the medicant includes a physiologically acceptable carrier which may be selected from buffered saline isotonic saline, normal saline petroleum-based ointments and U.S.P. cold cream. There is further provided a method wherein said medicant includes an anti- inflammatory steroid. In addition a method and medicant for treating cutaneous inflammatory disorders, inhibiting the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF, IL- 1, IL6, IL-8 and the growth factor GM-CSF is provided. 5,837,719 Nov. 17, 2,5-substituted aryl The present invention addresses 2,5-substituted aryl pyrroles of the formula: [See 1998 pyrroles, compositions Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salts containing such compounds thereof, as well as compositions containing such compounds and methods of treatment. and methods of use The compounds are useful for treating Cytokine mediated diseases, which refers to diseases or conditions in which excessive or unregulated production or activity of one or more cytokines occurs. Interleukin-1 (IL-1), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) are cytokines which are involved in immunoregulation and other physiological conditions, such as inflammation. The compounds also have glucagon antagonist activity. 5,837,293 Nov. 17, Use of interleukin-10 A method is provided for reducing an inflammatory response in a mammal comprising 1998 analogs for antagonists to administering to a mammal at risk of developing or afflicted with an inflammatory response treat endotoxin- or characterized by substantially elevated levels of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF superantigen-induced alpha, an amount of IL-10 effective to substantially lower the levels of such cytokines. toxicity 5,837,342 Nov. 17, Use of an interleukin-10 A method is provided for toting a B cell mediated autoimmune disorder comprising 1998 antagonist to treat a B cell administering an effective amount of an interleukin-10 antagonist. mediated autoimmune disorder 5,837,340 Nov. 17, Methods of treating This invention provides medical uses of a M-CSF, particularly a method and composition 1998 allergies with M-CSF for treating inflammatory disease and allergy using natural M-CSF or recombinant M-CSF or the derivatives thereof. 5,834,435 Nov. 10, Inhibition of TNF- alpha The pleiotropic effects of TNF alfa in a wide variety of mammalian cell types is decreased 1998 pleiotropic and cytotoxic and treated by administering glucosaminylmuramyl peptides with D-amino acid residue in a effects second or third position from the proximal end. New methods for nonspecific oral, vaginal, and topic inhibition is proposed. Inhibition of cytotoxicity of TNF alfa is also achieved. 5,834,419 Nov. 10, Chemokine binding protein The present invention provides a method of use for a novel type chemokine binding 1998 and methods of use protein encoded by poxviruses and having amino acid sequence homology wth the therefor myxoma virus T7 interferon- gamma receptor homolog against disease syndromes associated with acute or chronic dysregulated inflammatory responses. 5,833,976 Nov 10, Use of interleukin-10 (IL-10) A method is provided for treating septic shock or toxic shock that comprises administering 1998 to treat endotoxin- or an effective amount of interleukin-10. superantigen-induced toxicity 5,830,994 Nov. 3, Peptide derivatives of Provided is a compound containing a peptide of at least 4 amino acids including the 1998 alpha-MSH and their following sequence: His Phe* Arg, wherein Phe* represents phenylalanine or a application halogenated derivative of phenylalanine the said peptide being conjugated with thioctic acid, dihydrolioic acid, or N-lipoyl-lysine, in the form of the corresponding salts, esters or amides. In particular, compounds with anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory activities on the one had, and melanogenesis-activating activities on the other, are described. 5,830,742 Nov. 3, TNF- alpha converting A metalloprotease that converts TNF- alpha from the 26 kD cell form to the 17 kD form 1998 enzyme has been isolated and purified and the cDNA sequence known. In particular, the protease has a molecular weight of approximately 80 kD. The isolated and purified protease is useful for designing an inhibitor thereof, and may find use as a therapeutic agent. Assays for detecting the protease-inhibiting activity of a molecule are also an aspect of the invention. 5,830,436 Nov. 3, Method of mucociliary A method and medicament for the inhibition of oxidants comprising administering a 1998 clearance in cystic fibrosis treatment effective amount of alkylaryl polyether alcohol polymers to a chemical or biologic patients using alkylaryl system in need thereof. Also, a method and medicament for mucociliary clearance, polyether alcohol polymers inhibition of cytokine production, and inhibition of interleukin-8 production in cystic fibrosis patients. The method involves administering a treatment effective amount of alkylaryl polyether alcohol polymers to a chemical or biologic system in need thereof. The medicament is preferably administered by aerosolization into the mammalian respiratory system. The medicament may also be applied to the mammalian skin. Preferably, the medicament includes a physiologically acceptable carrier which may be selected from the group consisting of physiologically buffered saline, isotonic saline, normal saline, petrolatum based ointments and U.S.P. cold cream. 5,824,551 Oct. 20, Method for modulating cell The invention is based upon the newly recognized ability of beta chemokines to inhibit cell 1998 apoptosis apoptosis. In particular, apoptosis of T cells is described. The known beta chemokines 309 and TCA-3 are examples of the beta chemokines which inhibit apoptosis. One aspect of the invention is the use of these molecules to inhibit apoptosis. A second aspect of the invention is the use of beta chemokine inhibitors or antagonists to provoke apoptosis. 5,821,366 Oct. 13, Xanthines and their 1,3-Disubstituted-zanthines have therapeutic utility via TNF or phosphodiesterase 1998 therapeutic use inhibition. 5,821,262 Oct. 13, Hydroxamic acid A compound of formula (I): [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] (I) 1998 derivatives as inhibitors of wherein: R<1> represents a (C1-C6) alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, or heterocyclyl cytokine production group; R<2> represents a (C1-C6) alkyl group; R3<3> represents: (i) the side chain of arginine, lysine, tryptophan, histidine, serine, threonine, or cysteine, in which any polar amino, hydroxy, mercapto, guanidyl, imidazolyl or indolyl group is rendered substantially non-polar by substitution at the polar N-, O- or S-atom; or (ii) the side chain of aspartic or glutamic acid, in which side chain the carboxylic acid group is amidated; R<4> represents hydrogen or a (C1-C6) alkyl or phenyl (C1-C6) alkyl group; R<5> represents hydrogen or and n is 0, 1 or 2; or substituted phenyl groups; or a salt solvate or hydrate thereof. Compositions containing compound (I) and methods for treatment of diseases or conditions mediated by TNF or MMPs in mammals. 5,820,858 Oct. 13, Methods and compositions This invention provides monoclonal antibodies that bind to the cell surface CD14 receptor 1998 for inhibiting CD14 and soluble CD14 receptor. The antibodies are useful for the detection of the presence of mediated cell activation cell surface and soluble CD14 in a sample. Chimeric and CDR grafted antibodies generated from the above monoclonal antibodies are further provided. Pharmaceutical compositions containing the above biological compositions are provided. These are useful to treat and prevent LPS-associated disorders, such as sepsis. 5,814,661 Sep. 29, Use of Phthalidyliden esters A therapeutical method for treating endotoxic shock which comprises administering to a 1998 of carnitine and alkanoyl patient in need thereof a (3-phthalidyliden) alkyl ester of carnitine or alkanoyl carnitine, is carnitines for the treatment disclosed. of endotoxic shock 5,811,549 Sep. 22, Process of preparing Novel 1,4,5-substituted imidazole compounds and compositions for use in therapy as 1998 imidazole compounds cytokine inhibitors. 5,811,455 Sep. 22, Compounds useful for [See Original Patent for Chemical Strucutre Diagram] (I) [See Original Patent for Chemical 1998 treating allergic or Structure Diagram] (II) Novel cyclohexanes of formulas (I) and (II) are described herein. inflammatory diseases They inhibit the production of Tumor Necrosis Factor and are useful in the treatment of disease states mediated or exacerbated by TNF production; these compounds are also useful in the mediation or inhibition of enzymatic or catalytic activity of phosphodiesterase IV. 5,811,300 Sep. 22, TNF- alpha ribozymes Enzymatic RNA molecules which cleave TNF- alpha mRNA. 1998 5,811,118 Sep. 22, Methods of treatment using This invention provides a method of adminstering an arachidonic acid metabolite, such 1998 unilamellar liposomal as prostaglandin E1, to an animal. The metabolite is given to the animal, typically a human, arachidonic acid metabolite in asspcoatopm with a unilamellar liposome comprising a lipid and a release-inhibiting formulations aqueous buffer. This method can be used to treat animals afflicted with disorders characterized by cell activation and adhesion, inflammation or toxemia. 5,808,029 Sep 15, DNA encoding a human The present invention is concerned with non-soluble proteins and soluble or insoluble 1998 TNF binding protein fragments thereof, which bind TNF, in homogeneous form, as well as their physiologically compatible salts, especially those proteins having a molecular weight of about 55 or 75 kD (non-reducing SDS-PAGE conditions), a process for the isolation of such proteins, antibodies against such proteins, DNA sequences which code for non-soluble proteins and soluble or non-soluble fragments thereof, which bind TNF, as welI as those which code for proteins comprising partly of a soluble fragment, which binds TNF, and partly of all domains except the first of the constant region of the heavy chain of human immunoglobulins and the recombinant proteins coded thereby as well as a process for their manufacture using transformed pro- and eukaryotic host cells. 5,807,884 Sep. 15, Treatment for A method for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and noncardiovascular 1998 atherosclerosis and other inflammatory diseases that are mediated by VCAM-1isprovided that includes the removal, cardiovascular and decrease in the concentration of, or prevention of the formation of oxidized polyunsaturated inflammatory diseases fatty acids, or interferes with a complex formed between a polyunsaturated fatty acid or an oxidized polyunsaturated fatty acid and a protein or peptide that mediates the expression of VCAM-1. A method is also provided for suppressing the expression of a redox-sensitive gene or activating a gene that is suppressed through a redox-sensitive pathway, that includes administering an effective amount of a substance that prevents the oxidation of the oxidized signal, and typically, the oxidation of a polyunsaturated fatty acid, or interferes with a complex formed between the oxidized signal and a protein or peptide that mediates the expression of the redox gene. 5,804,588 Sep. 8, Quinoline carboxanides and The subject invention concerns novel compounds of the general formula (I) [See Original 1998 their therapeutic use Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] that are useful in treating disease states, such as those states associated with proteins that mediate cellular activity. The compounds of the subject invention can be used, for example, to inhibit tumor necrosis factor and/or phosphodiesterase IV. The subject invention also concerns methods for treating disease states using the compounds of the invention. 5,801,195 Sep. 1, Immunotherapeutic aryl Novel aryl amides are inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor alpha and can be used to combat 1998 amides cachexia, endotoxic shock, and retrovirus replication. A typical embodiment is N-benzoyl-3- amino-3-(3′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl)propanamide. 5,798,368 Aug. 25, Tetrasubstituted 2-(2,6- Tetrasubstituted 1-oxo-2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)isoindolines reduce the levels of TNF 1998 dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1- alpha in a mammal. A typical embodiment is 1-oxo-2-(2,6-dioxopipendin-3-yl)-4,5,6,7- oxoisoindolines and method tetrafluoroisoindoline. of reducing TNF alpha levels 5,795,975 Aug 18, TNF receptor promoter A DNA molecule containing the endogenous first intron-located p55 TNF-R gene 1998 promoter/enhancer sequence is provided. Also provided is a DNA molecule which contains a gene in operative association with a promoter sequence that includes the endogenous first intron-located p55 TNF-R gene promoter/enhancer sequence. 5,795,967 Aug. 18, Tumor necrosis factor Tumor necrosis factor antagonists are administered in therapeutically effective doses to 1998 antagonists and their use suppress inflammatory immune-potentiated events. The antagonists of this invention typically are selected from among several classes but preferably are neutralizing antibodies directed against tumor necrosis factor. The antagonists are useful in suppressing transplantation immunity and in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. 5,795,859 Aug. 18, Peptide which abrogates The present invention provides peptides which have the ability to abrogate TNF toxicity 1998 TNF and/or LPS toxicity and/or LPS toxicity. The present invention further relates to compositions induding these peptides as the active ingredient and methods of anti-inflammatory treatment involving the administration of this composition. The peptides of the present invention are based primarily on residue 1 to 26 of human TNF. 5,789,550 Aug. 4, TRAF inhibitors The invention concerns novel inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor receptor associated 1998 factor-(TRAF) mediated signal transduction. The invention encompasses the novel inhibitor proteins (I-TRAFs), nucleic acid encoding them, methods for their recombinant production, and their use in screening assays and as pharmaceuticals. 5,780,667 Jul. 14, Compounds, compositions Novel cyclohexane derivatives of Formula (I) [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure 1998 and treatment of allergies Diagram] are described herein. These compounds inhibit the production of Tumor and inflammation therewith Necrosis Factor and are useful in the treatment of disease states mediated or exacerbated by TNF production; they are also useful in the mediation or inhibition of enzymatic or catalytic activity of phosphodiesterase IV and are therefore useful in the treatment of disease states in need of mediation or inhibition thereof. 5,777,176 Jul. 7, 4,4- The present invention relates to novel dimers of 4,4-(disubstituted)cyclohexan-1-ol dimers 1998 (disubstituted)cyclohexan- and delated compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds, and 1-ol dimers and related their use in treating allergic and inflammatory diseases and for inhibiting the production of compounds Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF). 5,777,160 Jul. 7, 1,4,4-(trisubstituted) This invention relates to certain 1,4,4-(trisubstituted)cyclohex-1-ene dimers and related 1998 cyclohex-1-ene dimers and compounds which are useful in treating allergic and inflammatory diseases and for related compounds inhibiting the production of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF). 5,776,954 Jul. 7, Substituted pyridyl pyrroles, The present invention addresses substituted pyridyl pyrroles, as well as compositions 1998 compositions containing containing such compounds and methods of treatment. The compounds in the present such compounds and invention are glucagon antagonists and inhibitors of the biosynthesis and action of TNF methods of use alpha and IL1. The compounds block the action of glucagon at its receptors and thereby decrease the levels of plasma glucose. The instant pyrroles are also inhibitors of TNF alpha and IL1 and may be used as antidiabetic agents as well as other cytokine mediated diseases. Cytokine mediated diseases refers to diseases or conditions in which excessive or unregulated production of one or more cytokines occurs. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) are cytokines produced by a variety of cells, which are involved in immunoregulation and other physiological conditions, such as inflammation. 5,776,947 Jul. 7, Use of quinoline-3- The use of a quinoline-3-carboxamide compound comprising structure (I), optionally with 1998 carboxamide compounds substituents for the hydrogen atoms shown (H<1-9>), and a salt of compound (I) where (a) for inhibiting the production represents that there are two conjugated double bonds between the atoms comprised of tumor necrosis factor by the dashed line, (b) X1 and X2 are separately selected form an oxygen atom or an (TNF) and/or for the NH<9> group, said X1 and X2 being bound by a single bond to the ring when attached to treatment of septic shock H<7> or H<8> and by a double bond when not bound to H<7> or H<8>, (c) H<1-9>; are hydrogens with the provision that H<9> is only present when at least one of X1 and X2 is the NH<9> group, (d) H<7> and H<8> are hydrogens that are attached to different atoms selected among X1, X2 and the nitrogen atom (N) in the quinoline ring, for the manufacture of a composition intended for inhibiting the production of tumor necrosis factor TNF in a living body and/or the treatment of septic shock in a living body. 5,776,915 Jul. 7, Phosphocholines of Novel retinoid phosphocholines are disclosed having the general Formula (I): [See 1998 retinoids Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] wherein R represents a retinyl or retinoyl moiety. The optical and geometric isomers of compounds of Formula (I) and the pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof, are also disclosed. The subject compounds exhibit anti-tumor, anti-psoriatic and anti-inflammatory activities in addition to their inherent Vitamin A-like activities. The invention embraces the novel compounds, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods of using the same. 5,773,582 Jun. 30, Tumor necrosis factor Muteins of human tumor necrosis factor (hTNF), a process for production thereof, and 1998 muteins DNAs encoding these muteins are found to have a superior antitumor activity and lower acute lethal toxicity compared to the wild-type human tumor necrosis factor. 5,773,467 Jun. 30, Benzoluran Benzoluran carboxides and sulphonamides have therapeutic utility, e.g. in the treatment 1998 sulphonanmides of inflammation and asthma, by virtue of their ability to inhibit phosphodiesterases and tumor necrosis factor. 5,772,997 Jun. 30, Monoclonal antibodies A method of inhibiting growth of tumor cells which overexpress a growth factor receptor or 1998 directed to the HER2 growth factor by treatment of the cells with antibodies which inhibit the growth factor receptor receptor function, is disclosed. A method of treatment tumor cells with antibodies which inhibit growth factor receptor function, and with cylotoxic factor(s) such as tumor necrosis factor, is also disclosed. By inhibiting growth factor receptor functions tumor cells are rendered more susceptible to cytotoxic factors. 5,770,694 Jun. 23, Genetically engineered BPI The present invention provides a composition comprising a BPI Protein and an anionic 1998 variant proteins compound which composition exhibits (1) no bactericidal activity and (2) endotoxin neutralizing activity. Also, this invention provides methods for using BPI Proteins. 5,770,624 Jun. 23, Certain alpha-substituted Particularly the invention relates to the compounds of formula I [See Original Patent for 1998 arylsulfonamido Chemical Structure Diagram](I) wherein Ar represents carbocyclic aryl, heterocyclic aryl acetohydroxamic acids or biaryl; R1 represents lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl-lower alkyl, lower alkoxy-lower alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, halo-lower alkyl; R2 represents hydrogen or lower alkyl; R3 and R4 represent independently hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, halo, hydroxy, acyloxy, lower alkoxy-lower alkoxy, trifluoromethyl or cyano; or R3 and R4 together represent lower allylenedioxy; n represents an integer from 1 to 5; pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug derivatives; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; methods for preparation thereof; pharmaceutical compositions comprising said compounds; and a method of inhibiting TNF-alpha activity and matrix-degrading metalloproteinases in mammals using such compounds. 5,770,402 Jun. 23, DNA encoding macrophage Disclosed are novel nucleic acid and peptide compositions comprising a constitutively- 1998 inflammatory protein-1 expressed CC chemokine. Also disclosed are methods of use for MIP-1 gamma amino gamma acid sequences and the DNA segments which encode them in the stimulation of an immune response, the production of limited pyrexia, the treatment of proliferative cell disorders and T-cell mediated diseases, and the prophylaxis of bacterial sepsis in an animal. 5,770,401 Jun. 23, Methods and compositions Methods and compositions for treating allergic reactions, including cutaneous, ocular, 1998 for treating allergic nasal and Bronchial allergic disease, are disclosed. Interleukin-1 and Tumor Necrosis reactions Factor receptors, and analogues thereof, are employed which bind the respective effector competitively and thereby suppress allergic reactions. 5,770,195 Jun 23, Monoclonal antibodies A method of inhibiting growth of tumor cells which overexpress a growth factor receptor or 1998 directed to the her2 growth factor by treatment of the cetls with antibodies which inhibit the growth factor receptor receptor function, is disclosed A method of treating tumor cells with antibodies which inhibit growth factor receptor function, and with cytotoxic factor(s) such as tumor necrosis factor, is also disclosed. By inhibiting growth factor receptor functions tumor cells are rendered more susceptible to cytotoxic factors. 5,767,151 Jun. 16, 3,3-(disubstituted) The present invention relates to novel 3,3-(disubstituted)-cyclohexan-1-ylidene acetate 1998 cyclohexan-1-ylidine dimers of Formula (I): [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] I and related acetate dimers and related compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds and their use in compounds treating allergic and inflammateory diseases and for inhibiting the production of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF). 5,767,120 Jun. 16, Tricyclic derivatives, Disclosed are compounds of Formula I: [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure 1998 compositions and methods Diagram] (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: R<3> is of use alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, acyloxymethyl, alkoxy, alkoxymethyl, or alkyl substituted with cycloalkyl; R<4> is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, or —OH. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions containing compounds of Formula methods for inhibiting tumor necrosis factor- alpha and methods for treating septic shock, inflammation, or allergic disease by administering a compound of Formula I. 5,767,097 Jun. 16, Specific modulation of Ribavirin is administered to a patient in a dosage range which is effective to modulate 1998 Th1/Th2 cytokine tymphokine expression in activated T cells. In particutar, ribavirin is used to suppress Th2- expression by ribavirin in mediated T cell responses and promote Th1-mediated T cell response. Thus, instead of activated T-lymphocytes administering ribavirin in its well-recognized role as an anti-viral agent, ribavirin is herein used in the treatment of imbalances in lymphokine expression. Such imbalances may be found to be concomitants of allergic atopic disorders such as allergic asthma and atopic dermatitis, hetminth infection and leishmaniasis, and various primary and secondary immunodeficiencies, which may or may not also be associated with viral infection. 5,766,917 Jun. 16, Method for identifying and Molecules which influence the shedding of the cell-bound p55 Tumor Necrosis Factor 1998 producing a protease receptor (p55-TNF-R), are provided, together with methods of producing them. capable of cleaving the TNF receptor 5,766,865 Jun. 16, Cell lines capable of A method of genetically engineering a cell line capable of detecting bioactive cytokines or 1998 detecting low levels of growth factors is provided. Cells lines produced by this method and methods of using these cytokines in biological fluids cell lines to detect bioactive cytokines or growth factors in a biological fluid are also provided. 5,763,621 Jun 9, Metalloproteinase inhibitors A compound of formula (I): [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] 1998 wherein R4 is an optionally substituted C3-C8 cycloalkenyl group. The compounds are inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases. 5,763,567 Jun. 9, Biologically active peptides The present invention provides peptides having an amino acid sequence that is the amino 1998 from funcional domains of acid sequence of a human bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) functional bactericidal/permeability- domain or a subsequence thereof, and variants of the sequence or subsequence thereof, increasing protein and uses having at least one of the BPI biological activities, such as heparin binding, heparin thereof neutralization, LPS binding, LPS neutralization or bactericidal activity. The invention provides peptides and pharmaceutical compositions of such peptides for a variety of therapeutic uses. 5,763,423 Jun. 9, Pharmaceutical alpha-tocopherolphosphocholine and salts thereof have been discovered to possess 1998 compositions, novel uses, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory and PAF-antagonist activities. The compound and and novel form of salts have also been discovered to be capable of forming liposomes. The present invention tocopherylphosphocholine thus provides methods of treating viral and fungal infections, inflammatory disorders and pathophysiological conditions due to PAF activity in a mammal by administering to the mammal alpha -tocopherolphosphocholine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising alpha - tocopherolphosphocholine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Further, the invention provides liposomes which comprise alpha -tocopherolphosphocholine or a salt thereof as a structural component of the liposome bilayer. 5,756,499 May 26, Substituted imidazole Novel 1,4,5-substituted imidazole compounds and compositions for use in therapy as 1998 compounds cytokine inhibitors. 5,753,691 May 19, Agents for inhibiting the The pharmaceutical use of 1-cinnamoyl-2-pyrrolidinone derivatives having the activities to 1998 production of IL-1 beta and inhibit the production of IL-1 beta and the retease of TNF alpha. Those derivatives are the release of TNF alpha useful in the treatment or prophylaxis of the diseases such as chronic rheumatism and sepsis. 5,753,666 May 19, Quinotones and their 1-Alkyl-substituted-quinotone-3-carboxamides have therapeutic utility via inhibition of 1998 therapeutic use Phosphodiesterase IV esterase and/or Tumor Necrosis Factor activity. 5,753,653 May 19, Metalloproteinase The invention relates to compounds of the formula [See Original Patent for Chemical 1998 inhibitors, pharmaceutical Structure Diagram] I in which Q is a divalent radical having four ring atoms which compositions containing together with C* and N form a six-membered ring, each of these four ring atoms being them and their unsubstituted or substituted by a suitable substituent and at least one being a heteroatom pharmaceutical uses selected from O, N and S, with the remainder being carbon atoms; and Ar is an aryl or heteroaryl group. The invention further relates to pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these compounds. The invention also relates to methods of inhibiting the activity of metalloproteinases, especially MMPs or TNF alpha by administering a compound of the formula I or a salt or prodrug thereof. The invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of these compounds, salts, and prodrugs. 5,753,628 May 19, Peptide inhibitors of TNF Peptides which consist of six to eight, predominately D-amino acids and which bind to 1998 containing predominantly tumor necrosis factor-alpha, prevent tumor necrosis factor-alpha from binding to its D-amino acids receptors and inhibit tumor necrosis factor-alpha activity are disclosed. Methods of inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-alpha activity and of treating individuals suffering from tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated diseases and disorders are disclosed. 5,747,514 May 5, Metalloproteinase inhibitors The present invention relates to therapeutically active hydroxamic acid and carboxylic 1998 acid derivatives, to processes for their preparation, to pharmaceutical compositions containing them, and to the use of such compounds in medicine. In particular, the compounds are inhibitors of metalloproteinases involved in tissue degradation, and in addition are inhibitors of the release of tumor necrosis factor from cells. 5,747,474 May 5, Immunosuppression by Methods for inducing immunosuppression in animals which need immunosuppressive 1998 administration of N<6>, treatment involving administration to animals of a therapeutically effective amount of the N<6>-disubstituted cyclic AMP agent HE-33 or its nucleoside. cAMP's, analogues thereof, and related nucleosides 5,744,304 Apr. 28, Inflammation-induced The present invention describes methods of controlling and regulating the inflammatory 1998 expression of a reaction generated in response to various toxins, immunogens, pathogens and recombinant gene autoimmune insults. The method employs a vector that includes an anti-cytokine protein or antibacterial protein gene under the control of a cytokine responsive promoter. In animal models, adenoviral vectors successfully delivered the vectors to hepatic cells and were subsequently shown to respond only to stimulation by induced cytokines. 5,741,667 Apr. 21, Tumor necrosis factor The invention concerns new tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factors, 1998 receptor-associated factors designated TRAFs. The new factors are capable of specific association with the intracellular domain of the type 2 TNF receptor (TNF-R2) and CD40, and are involved in the mediation of TNF and CD40 ligand biological activities. 5,741,488 Apr. 21, Treatment of rheumatoid A method for treating autoimmune or inflammatory diseases, through the administration of 1998 arthritis with anti-CD4 anti-CD4 antibody in conjunction with or sequentially to anti-TNF antibody, is disclosed. antibodies in conjunction The method can be used to aid in therapy for humans and other mammals with a wide with anti-TNF antibodies variety of autoimmune or inflammatory diseases. 5,739,143 Apr. 14, Imidazole compounds and Novel 1,4,5-substituted imidazole compounds and compositions for use in therapy as 1998 compositions cytokine inhibitors. 5,736,570 Apr. 7, Immunotherapeutic aryl Novel aryl amides are inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor alpha and can be used to 1998 amides combat cachexia, endotoxic shock, and retrovirus replication A typical embodiment is N- benzoyl-3-amino-3-(3′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl)propanamide. 5,736,138 Apr. 7, Monoclonal antibodies with A monoclonal antibody, or fragments thereof, against human TNF receptor protein which 1998 specific binding against antibody neutralizes the known actions of TNF alpha and/or TNF beta is disclosed. The membrane proteins on antibody may be chimeric or humanized. Furthermore, the present invention provides a human cells, and process for obtaining the above monoclonal antibody, as wetI as a pharmaceutical pharmaceutical composition containing the above monoclonal antibody and/or the above protein with compositions containing antibody properties. them 5,731,343 Mar. 24, Method of use of radicicol The present invention provides a method of treating an immunopathological disorder 1998 for treatment of having an etiology associated with production of a proinflammatory agent, by administering immunopathological a compound of the formula: [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] where disorders R1 and R2 are independentty H or —COR3; R3 is H, 1-50C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, 2-30C alkenyl, 2-30C alkenyloxy, 2-10 alkynyl, 6-14C aryl or aryloxy, a 5-6 membered heterocycte (containing 1-3 N, O and/or S heteroatoms and optionally fused to an aryl group), 3-8C cycloalkyl (optionally fused to aryl) or 5-8C cycloalkenyl; and R4 is a halogen. Examples of such proinflammatory agents include interteukin-1(IL-1), interteukin-6 (IL-6), interferon- gamma (IFN- gamma ), tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF- alpha), granutocyle macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), the growth related gene KC, cyclooxygenase-1(COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), macrophage chemotactic protein (MCP), inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP), tissue factor (TF), phosphotyrosine phosphatase (PTPase), and endotoxin. 5,730,975 Mar. 24, Treatment of insulin An induction of TNF- alpha mRNA expression has been observed in adipose tissue from 1998 resistance in obesity linked four different insulin resistant rodent models of obesity and diabetes. TNF- alpha protein type II diabetes using was also elevated locally and systemically. Neutralization of TNF- alpha in obese fa/fa rats antagonist to TNF-alpha caused a significant increase in the peripheral uptake of glucose in response to insulin. A function method of treating an animal suffering from insulin resistance in obesity linked Type II diabetes mellitus is disclosed. The method includes providing a therapeutic agent that includes an antagonist to TNF- alpha function in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier substance and administering a pharmacologically effective amount of the therapeutic agent to the animal. 5,728,845 Mar. 17, Immunotherapeutic nitrites Novel nitrites are inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor alpha and phosphodiesterase and can 1998 be used to combat cachexia, endotoxic shock, retrovirus replication, asthma, and inflammatory conditions. A typical embodiment is 3-Phthalimido-3-(3,4- dimethoxyphenyl)propionitrile. 5,728,844 Mar. 17, Immunotherapeutic agents Novel amides are inhibitors of TNF alpha and phosphodiesterase and can be used to 1998 combat cachexia, endotoxic shock, retrovirus replication, asthma, and inflammatory conditions. A typical embodiment is 3-phthalimido-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4- methoxyphenyl)propionamide. 5,728,712 Mar. 17, 3,4-disubstituted- 3,4-Disubstituted-phenylsulphonamides have therapeutic utility via TNF or 1998 phenylsulphonamides and phosphodiesterase inhibition. their therapeutic use 5,726,166 Mar. 10, Malaria treatments A method of treating or preventing clinical manifestations associated with diseases 1998 caused by infectious organisms which express antigens which in the patient stimulate secretion of harmful levels of at least one cytokine, other than diseases caused by organisms which stimulate secretion of cytokines only by expression of lipopolysaccharide, which method comprises administering to a human in need thereof an effective non-toxic amount of a material selected from the group consisting of inhibitors and immunogens wherein said inhibitors are pharmacologically acceptable materials which, in vitro, reduce or abolish secretion, by at least one of human monocytes and mouse peritoneal macrophages, of tumour necrosis factor following stimulation with a phospholipid- containing; tumour necrosis factor-inducing antigen other than lipopolysaccharide, and wherein said immunogens are pharmacologically acceptable materials comprising at least one B-celI epitope and which stimulate production of antibodies which, in vitro, reduce or abolish secretion, by at least one of human monocytes and mouse peritoneal macrophages, of tumour necrosis factor following stimulation with a phospoiipid-containing, tumour necrosis factor-inducing antigen other than lipopolysaccharide. Examples of inhibitors include inositol monophosphate and phosphatidyl inositol lipids. Immunogens include these inhibitors optionally with carrier proteins. 5,725,856 Mar. 10, Monoclonal antibodies A method of inhibiting growth of tumor cells which overexpress a growth factor receptor or 1998 directed to the HER2 growth factor by treatment of the cells with antibodies which inhibit the growth factor receptor receptor function, is disclosed. A method of treating tumor cells with antibodies which inhibit growth factor receptor function, and with cytotoxic factor(s) such as tumor necrosis factor, is also disclosed. By inhibiting growth factor receptor functions tumor cells are rendered more susceptible to cytotoxic factors. 5,723,681 Mar. 3, 3,3- The present invention relates to novel 3,3-(disubstituted)cyclohexan-1-ol dimers and 1998 (disubstituted)cyclohexan- related compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds, and their 1-01 dimers and related use in treating allergic and inflammatory diseases and for inhibiting the production of compounds Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF). 5,723,116 Mar. 3, Decreased mortality of A method for treating acute pancreatitis is disclosed. The method comprises 1998 severe acute pancreatitis administering to a patient with acute pancreatitis an effective amount of a suitable tumor following proximal cytokine necrosis factor (TNF) antagonist such as a TNF soluble receptor or a pharmaceutically blockade acceptable salt thereof. 5,721,121 Feb. 24, Mammalian cell culture The present invention relates to novel process for the preparation of glycoproteins by 1998 process for producing a mammalian cell culture wherein the sialic acid content of the glycoprotein produced is tumor necrosis factor controlled over a broad range of values by manipulating the ceIl culture environment. The receptor immunoglobulin invention provides for processes in which the sialic acid content of the glycoprotein is chimeric protein modified by changes in cell culture parameters which affect cell specific productivity. Preferred embodiments of the invention include cell culture processes in the osmolality of the cell culture is controlled as welI as the concentration of a transcription enhancer during the production phase of the cell culture. The invention further provides for novel preparations of soluble type 1 tumor necrosis factor immunoglobulin G1 and their uses in the treatment of inflammatory or immune related disorders. 5,720,954 Feb. 24, Monoclonal antibodies A method of inhibiting growth of tumor cells which overexpress a growth factor receptor or 1998 directed to the HER2 growth factor by treatment of the cells with antibodies which inhibit the growth factor receptor receptor function, is disclosed. A method of treating tumor cells with antibodies which inhibit growth factor receptor function, and with cytotoxic factor(s) such as tumor necrosis factor, is also disclosed. By inhibiting growth factor receptor functions tumor cells are rendered more susceptible to cytotoxic factors. 5,720,937 Feb. 24, In vivo tumor detection In vivo assay methods for detecting tumors having amplified expression of the HER2 1998 assay receptor are disclosed. In the assay, cells within the body of a mammal are exposed to an antibody which specifically binds to the extracellular domain of the HER2 receptor and inhibits growth in vitro of SK-BR-3 breast tumor cells which overexpress p185<HER2> The antibody is generally tagged with a radioactive isotope to permit the extent of binding of the antibody to the cells to be quantified. 5,719,184 Feb. 17, 3,3- The present invention relates to novel 3,3-(disubstituted)cyclohexan-1-carboxylate dimers 1998 (disubstituted)cyclohexan- and related compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds, and 1-carboxylate dimers and their use in treating allergic and inflammatory diseases and for inhibiting the production of related compounds Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF). 5,716,981 Feb. 10, Anti-anglogenic The present invention provides compositions comprising an anti-anglogenic factor, and a 1998 compositions and methods polymeric carrier. Representative examples of anti-anglogenic factors include Anti-Invasive of use Factor, Retinoic acids and derivatives thereof, and paclitaxel. Also provided are methods for embolizing blood vessels, and eliminating biliary, urethral, esophageal, and tracheal/bronchial obstructions. 5,716,972 Feb 10, Pyridyl substituted The novel compounds of Formula (I) have been found to be useful cytokine suppressive 1998 imidazoles agents and therefore useful in the treatment and prophylaxis of disease states mediated thereby. 5,716,955 Feb. 10, Substituted imidazole Novel 1,4,5-substituted imidazoe compounds and compositions for use in therapy as 1998 compounds cytokine inhibitors. 5,714,147 Feb. 3, Hybrid immunoglobulins Novel polypeptides are provided, together with methods for making and using them, and 1998 nucleic acids encoding them. These polypeptides are useful as cell surface adhesion molecules and ligands, and are useful in therapeutic or diagnostic compositions and methods. 5,714,140 Feb. 3, Method for inhibiting the This invention provides medical uses of a M-CSF, particularly a method and composition 1998 production of bioactive IL-1 for treating inflammatory disease and allergy using natural M-CSF or recombinant M-CSF by administering M-CSF or the derivatives thereof. 5,712,381 Jan. 27, MADD, a TNF receptor Novel TNF receptor death domain (“TNF-R1-DD”) ligand proteins are disclosed. 1998 death domain ligand protein Polynucleotides encoding the TNF-R1-DD ligand protein are also disclosed, along with vectors, host cells, and methods of making the TNF-R1-DD ligand protein. Pharmaceutical compositions containing the TNF-R1-DD ligand protein, methods of treating inflammatory conditions, and methods of inhibiting TNF-R death domain binding are also disclosed. Methods of identifying inhibitors of TNF-R death domain binding and inhibitors identified by such methods are also disclosed. 5,712,286 Jan. 27, Naphthyridine derivatives Compounds of formula (I) including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof in which R1 1998 represents a C1-6 akyl group; R2 represents a group of the formula COOR4 in which R4 represents a C1-5 akyl group; and R3 represents a group of formula COOR5 in which RS represents a C1-5 alkyl group are disclosed, which are anti-rheumatic agents and are useful as modulators of cytokine synthesis, immunomodulatory agents, anti-inflammatory agents and anti-allergic agents. Compositions containing these compounds and processes to make these compounds are also disclosed. 5,712,155 Jan. 27, DNA encoding tumor Tumor necrosis factor receptor DNAs and expression vectors encoding TNF receptors, 1998 necrosis factor- alpha and - and processes for producing TNF receptors as products of recombinant cell culture, are beta receptors disclosed. 5,708,142 Jan. 13, Tumor necrosis factor The invention concerns new tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factors, 1998 receptor-associated factors designated TRAF. The new factors are capable of specific association with the intracellular domain of the type 2 TNF receptor (TNF-R2), and are involved in the mediation of TNF biological activities 5,705,389 Jan 6, Oligonucleotides that inhibit A sequence of anti-direction, anti-messenger RNA oligonucleotides of alpha -TNF 1998 production of alpha -tumor characterized in that it possesses the structure of the formula [See Original Patent for necrosis factor Chemical Structure Diagram] I wherein X is hydrogen, or a sequence of 1 to 17 oligonucleotides in free form, in alkylated form, in sulfurated form or in the form of a poly L- lysine derivative useful for stopping the production of alpha -TNF. 5,705,364 Jan. 6, Mammalian cell culture The present invention relates to novel process for the preparation of glycoproteins by 1998 process mammalian cell culture wherein the sialic acid content of the glycoprotein produced is controlled over a broad range of values by manipulating the cell culture environment. The invention provides for processes in which the sialic acid content of the glycoprotein is modified by changes in cell culture parameters which affect cell specific productivity. Preferred embodiments of the invention include cell culture processes in the osmolality of the cell culture is controlled as well as the concentration of a transcription enhancer during the production phase of the cell culture. The invention further provides for novel preparations of soluble type 1tumor necrosis factor immunoglobulin G1and their uses in the treatment of inflammatory or immune related disorders. 5,703,098 Dec. 30, Immunotherapeutic Imide/amide ethers and alcohols are inhibitors of cytokines including tumor necrosis 1997 imideslamides factor alpha and can be used to combat cachexia, endotoxic shock, arthritis, asthma, and retrovirus replication. A typical embodiment is 3-Phthalimido-3-(3′, 4′- dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol. 5,703,092 Dec. 30, Hydroxamic acid The present invention provides novel hydroxamic acids and carbocyclic acids and 1997 compounds as derivatives thereof and to pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use of these novel metalloprotease and TNF compounds for the inhibition of matrixmetalloproteinases, such as stromelysin and other inhibitors matrix metalloproteinases, and also inhibit the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and are therefore useful for the treatment of arthritis and other related inflammatory diseases. These novel compounds are represented by Formula betow: [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] Formula I 5,703,038 Dec. 30, Therapeutic uses of Improved therapeutic uses of bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) involve 1997 bactericidal-permeability- use of BPI protein product formulations in the form of physiologically stable dimeric increasing protein dimer associations of BPI protein product monomers characterized by enhanced in vivo biological products activity. Preferred formulations include 50 percent or more by weight dimeric product. 5,702,705 Dec. 30, Antibody methods for the Cleavage site blocking antibody that binds to prohormones, preferable Tumor Necrosis 1997 treatment of a hormone- Factor, thereby preventing the formation of prohormone fragment(s) by proteolysis of the mediated disease prohormone, and uses of the antibody including prophylactic and therapeutic methods to treat disease, and diagnostic assays for determining the amount of the prohormone and prohormone fragments present in a patients body. 5,700,909 Dec 23, Prosaposin and cytokine- Prosaposin and peptide derivatives derived therefrom will promote neurite outgrowth in 1997 derived peptides vitro. A peptide consensus sequence was determined by comparing the active neurite outgrowth-inducing saposin C peptide sequence with that of various hematopoietic and neuropoietic cytokines. These cytokine-derived peptides will promote the same processes as their corresponding cytokines. In addition, prosaposin and saposin C promote increased nerve cell myelination ex vivo. 5,700,788 Dec. 23, Ureido derivatives of Subject of the present invention are new ureido derivatives of naphthalenephosphonic 1997 naphthalenephosphonic acids having the following formula (I) [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] acids (I) [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] wherein each of m and n, which are the same, is an integer of 1 to 4; each of p and q, which are the same, is an integer of 1 gto 3; and each of the R groups, which are the same, is a free or esterified phosphonic acid group; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 5,698,711 Dec. 16, Compounds containing This invention is directed to the pharmaceutical use of phenyl compounds, which are 1997 phenyl linked to aryl or linked to an aryl moiety by various linkages, for inhibiting tumor necrosis factor. The heteroaryl by an aliphatic- invention is also directed to the compounds, their preparation and pharmaceutical or heteroatom-containing compositions containing these compounds. Furthermore, this invention is directed to the linking group pharmaceutical use of the compounds for inhibiting cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. 5,698,706 Dec. 16, Heterocyclic amides and Peptidyl derivatives having a SH or acyl S group and which are amides, primary amides or 1997 methods of use thioamides, have therapeutic utility via MMP or TNF inhibition. 5,698,579 Dec. 16, Cyclic amides Cyclic amides are inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor and can be used to combat cachexia, 1997 endotoxic shock, and retrovirus replication. A typical embodiment is 3-phenyl-3-(1- oxoisoindolin-2-yl)propionamide. 5,698,564 Dec. 16, Diphenyl disulfide Diphenyl disulfide compounds having an inhibiting activity against the production of 1997 compounds Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) or the release of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF alpha), which are useful in the treatment or prophylaxis of the diseases such as chronic rheumatism and sepsis are described. 5,698,518 Dec. 16, Method for regulating A method of treating patients to inhibit inflammation is disclosed. In the method, an 1997 inflammation and tumor effective amount of calmodulin, a calmodulin analogue or calmodulin receptor agonist is growth with calmodulin, administered to a patient to inhibit production of tumor necrosis factor and/or augment calmodulin analogues or elastase. In another method, an effective amount of calmodulin antagonist is administered calmodulin antagonists to a patient to stimulate immune response or inhibit elastase release. In another embodiment, a diagnostic test is disclosed to be used on patient blood samples to determine individual propensity to regulate tumor necrosis factor and/or elastase by calmodulin, its analogues or receptor agonists. 5,698,391 Dec 16, Methods for synthetic Methods useful for the determination of oligomers which have specific activity for a target 1997 unrandomization of molecule from a pool of primarily randomly assembled oligomers are provided. The oligomer fragments disclosed methods involve repeated syntheses of increasingly simplified sets of oligomers coupled with selection procedures for determining oligomers having the highest activity. Freedom from the use of enzymes allows the application of these methods to any molecules which can be oligomerized in a controlled fashion. 5,698,195 Dec. 16, Methods of treating Anti-TNF antibodies, fragments and regions thereof which are specific for human tumor 1997 rheumatoid arthritis using necrosis factor- alpha (TNF alpha ) and are useful in vivo for diagnosis and therapy of a chimeric anti-TNF number of TNF alpha -mediated pathologies and conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis antibodies as well as polynucleotides coding for murine and chimeric antibodies, methods of producing the antibody, methods of use of the anti-TNF antibody, or fragment, region or derivative thereof, in immunoassays and immunotherapeutic approaches are provided. 5,695,993 Dec. 9, Cloning and regulation of Human protein C and activated protein C were shown to bind to endothelium specifically, 1997 an endothelial cell protein selectively and saturably (Kd = 30 nM, 7000 sites per cell) in a Ca<2 +> dependent C/activated protein C fashion. Expression cloning revealed a 1.3 kb CDNA that coded for a novel type receptor transmembrane glycoprotein capable of binding protein C. This protein appears to be a member of the CD1/MHC superfamily. Like thrombomodulin, the receptor involved in protein C activation, the endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) function and message are both down regulated by exposure of endothelium to TNF. Identification of EPCR as a member of the CD1/MHC superfamily provides insights into the role of protein C in regulating the inflammatory response, and determination of methods for pharmaceutical use in manipulating the inflammatory response. 5,695,953 Dec. 9, DNA that encodes a tumor Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Inhibitory Protein is isolated and substantially purified and 1997 necrosis factor inhibitory the DNA that encodes the TNF inhibitory protein, vectors, host cells, and a recombinant protein and a recombinant method for producing the encoded protein are also set forth. It has the ability to inhibit: (a) method of production the binding of TNF to its receptors, and (b) the cytotoxic effect of TNF. TNF Inhibitory Protein and salts, functional derivatives and active fractions thereof can be used to antagonize the deleterious effects of TNF. 5,691,382 Nov. 25, Inhibition of TNF production The present invention is directed to the method of inhibiting the release of tumor necrosis 1997 with matrix factor (TNF) in a condition mediated by TNF by administration of certain hydroxamic add metaloproteinase inhibitors derivatives, also known as matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, and thus the method of this invention is useful in the management of diseases or conditions mediated by TNF. 5,691,381 Nov. 25, Hydroxamic and The present invention provides novel hydroxamic acids and carbocyclic acids and 1997 carbocyclic acids as derivatives thereof and to pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use of these novel metalloprotease inhibitors compounds for the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases, such as stromelysin, and inhibit the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha, and for the treatment of arthritis and other related inflammatory diseases. these novel compounds are represented by Formula I below [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] Formula I 5,688,805 Nov. 18, Tricyclic derivatives, Disclosed are compounds of Formula [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure 1997 compositions and methods Diagram] (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Also disclosed are of use pharmaceutical compositions containing compounds of Formula I, methods for inhibiting tumor necrosis factor- alpha and methods for treating septic shock, inflammation, or allergic disease. 5,686,455 Nov. 11, Imidazole derivatives and As cytokine inhibitors 2,4,5-triarylimidazole compounds and compositions for use as 1997 their use as cytokine cytokine inhibitors. inhibitors 5,686,431 Nov. 11, Methods of using low The present invention relates to methods for the prevention and/or treatment of 1997 molecular weight heparins pathological processes involving the induction of TNF- alpha secretion comprising a for treatment of pathological pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a low molecular Weight heparin (LMWH). In the processes pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, the LMWH present in a low effective dose and is administered at intervals of about 5-8 days. Furthermore, the LMWH is capable of inhibiting in vitro TNF- alpha secretion by resting T cells and/or macrophages in response to T cell-specific antigens, mitogens, macrophage activators, disrupted extracellular matrix (dECM), laminin, fibronectin, and the like. 5,686,259 Nov. 11, Assay method for the Cleavage site blocking antibody that binds to prohormones, preferable Tumor Necrosis 1997 detection of 26 kd TNF Factor, thereby preventing the formation of prohormone fragment(s) by proteolysis of the prohormone prohormone, and uses of the antibody including prophylactic and therapeutic methods to treat disease, and diagnostic assays for determining the amount of the prohormone and prohormone fragments present in a patients body. 5,684,222 Nov. 4, Mutant mouse having a The multiple biological activities of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are mediated by two 1997 disrupted TNFRp55 distinct cell surface receptors of 55 and 75 kDa. Mutant mice of the invention lacking tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) p55 still express functional TNFRp75 molecules at the cell surface. Normal weight and size of the mutant mice are not altered. Thymocyle development and Iymphocyle populations are normal, and clonal deletion of potentially self-reactive T cells is not impaired. Activation of the nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF- kappa B), however, is completely abrogated after stimulation with TNF. Moreover, TNFRp55 mutant mice are protected from septic shock induced by bacterial endotoxin or superantigen, but Listeria clearance is severely impaired and mutant mice easily succumb to Listeria infection. Thus, the two TNF receptors are not redundant, are independently controlled, and piay different roles in normal and pathological physiology. 5,679,696 Oct 21, Compounds containing This invention is directed to the pharmaceutical use of phenyl compounds, which are 1997 phenyl linked to aryl or linked to an aryl moiety by vanous linkages, for inhibiting tumor necrosis factor. The heteroaryl by an aliphatic-or invention is also directed to the compounds, their preparation and pharmaceutical heteroatom-containing compositions containing these compounds. Furthermore, this invention is directed to the linking group pharmaceutical use of the compounds for inhibiting cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. 5,679,684 Oct. 21, Hydroxyalkylammonium- Novel hydroxyalkylammonium-pyrimidine of the formula [See Original Patent for Chemical 1997 pyrimidines and nucleoside Structure Diagram] (I) and nucieoside derivatives have been found to be useful as derivatives, useful as inhibitors of inflammatory cytokines. They can be used, inter alia, in the therapy of septic inhibitors of inflammatory shock, cachexia, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis and cytokines AIDS. The compounds are typically prepared by reaction of an iodo substituted nucleoside with the appropriately substituted hydroxyalkylamine. 5,679,338 Oct. 21, Use of IL-4 for inhibition of Applicants' invention discloses therapeutic compositions and methods for treating 1997 the breakdown of articular articular cartilage breakdown associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. The cartiiage and other tissues compositions comprise a therapeutically effective amount of IL-4 to reduce or inhibit breakdown of articular cartilage, optionally in the presence of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. Methods for treating articular cartilage breakdown comprise administering a therapeutically effective amount of IL-4 to reduce or inhibit breakdown of articular cartilage, optionally in the presence of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to a subject in need of such treatment. The invention also relates to compositions and methods for treating tumor metastases, periodontal disease, emphysema and osteoporosis. 5,677,182 Oct. 14, Cleavage site blocking Cleavage site blocking antibody that binds to prohormones, preferable Tumor Necrosis 1997 antibody to prohormone Factor, thereby preventing the formation of prohormone fragment(s) by proteolysis of the proteins and uses thereof prohormone, and uses of the antibody including prophylactic and therapeutic methods to treat disease, and diagnostic assays for determining the amount of the prohormone and prohormone fragments present in a patients body. 5,672,347 Sep. 30, Tumor necrosis factor Tumor necrosis factor antagonists are administered in therapeutically effective doses to 1997 antagonists and their use suppress inflammatory immune-potentiated events. The antagonists of this invention typically are selected from among several classes but preferably are neutralizing antibodies directed against tumor necrosis factor. The antagonists are useful in suppressing transplantation immunity and in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. 5,670,527 Sep. 23, Pyridyl imidazole Novel 1,4,5-substituted imidazole compounds and compositions for use in therapy as 1997 compounds and cytokine inhibitors. compositions 5,670,526 Sep 23, 1,3,4-oxadiazoles 1,3,4-oxadiazole compounds are disdosed. The subject compounds suppress immune 1997 function and have hepatoprotection activity. 5,670,506 Sep 23, Halogen, isothiocyanate or There is disclosed a compound having the formula [See Original Patent for Chemical 1997 azide substituted xanthines Structure Diagram] wherein n is an integer from 5 to 9, wherein the core moiety is a heterocylic moiety wherein C[a], C[b], and C[c] are an R or S enantiomer or racemic mixture and the C[a], C[b], and C[c] carbon atoms are bonded together by a single bond, double bond, ether or ester linkages, wherein R1, R2 and R3 are independently halo, hydroxy, hydrogen, keto, isothiocyano, azide or haloacetoxy with the proviso that at least one of R1, R2 or R3 must be a halo, isothiocyano, azide or haloacetoxy group, wherein R4 is hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkenyl, cyclo C4-6 alkyl, or phenyl, and wherein halo refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo and salts thereof and pharmaceutical compositions thereof. 5,670,319 Sep. 23, Assay for tumor necrosis The invention concerns new tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factors, 1997 factor receptor-associated designated TRAF. The new factors are capable of specific association with the intracellular factors domain of the type 2 TNF receptor (TNF-R2), and are involved in the mediation of TNF biological activities. 5,670,149 Sep. 23, Lymphotoxin- beta, This invention relates to lymphotoxin- beta, a lymphocyle membrane type protein. This 1997 Lymphotoxin- beta protein is found on the surface of a number of cells, including phorbol ester (PNA) complexes, pharmaceutical stimulated T cell hybridoma II-23.D7 cells. This invention also relates to complexes formed preparations and between lymphotoxin- beta and other peptides such as lymphotoxin- alpha and to therapeutic uses thereof complexes comprising multiple subunits of lymphotoxin- beta. These proteins and complexes are useful in holding LT- alpha formed within the cell on the cell surface where the LT- alpha /LT- beta complex may act as an inflammation regulating agent, a tumor growth inhibiting agent, a T cell inhibiting agent, a T cell activating agent, an autoimmune disease regulating agent, or an HIV inhibiting agent. Furthermore, the antitumor activity of the LT- alpha /LT- beta complex may be delivered to tumor cells by tumor infiltrating lymphocyles (TILs) transfected with the gene for LT- beta. 5,668,143 Sep. 16, Heterocyclic The present invention relates to heterocyclic benzenesulfonylimine derivatives and their 1997 benzenesulfonylimine use as inhibitors of Interleukin-1 (IL-1) action. Such inhibitors are useful in the treatment of derivatives as inhibitors of various disease states as disclosed herein including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, IL-1 action diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, septic shock and pulmonary fibrosis. 5,667,967 Sep. 16, T-cell receptor varible Methods are provided for determining relations between autoimmune degenerative 1997 transcnpts as disease diseases and specific variable regions of T-cell receptors as associated with the host HLA related markers or T-cells associated with umbatting neoprofilerative diseases. By identifying the particular T-cell receptors which cause or are the disease in mammals, various prophylactic and therapeutic techniques may be employed for inhibiting the attack of the T-cell receptors on the native protein or tissue enhance the defense. In addition, individuals may be diagnosed as to their propensity for a particular autoimmune disease or the occurrence of such a disease. 5,667,776 Sep. 16, Treatment for biological Damage to cells, tissue and other bocly parts in a mammalian host may be treated by 1997 damage using tumor using a tumor necrosis factor in conjunction with at least one biological modifier, which may necrosis factor and a free- be a free radical scavenger or a metabolic inhibitor. The biological modifier is preferably radical scavenger uric acid, buthionine sulphoximine, vitamin C, aspirin, or nordihydrogualaretic acid. Such a combination may be used to treat, for example, cancer, infectious diseases, and damage caused by radiation therapy, high oxygen tension, and chemotherapy. 5,665,859 Sep. 9, Molecules influencing the Molecules which influence the shedding of the cell-bound p55 Tumor Necrosis Factor 1997 shedding of the TNF receptor (p55-TNF-R), are provided, together with methods of producing them. receptor, their preparation and their use 5,665,777 Sep. 9, Biphenyl hydroxamate Compounds of formula [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] or a 1997 inhibitors of matrix pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof inhibit matrix metalloproteinases and TNF alpha metalloproteinases secretion and are useful in the treatment of inflammatory disease states. Also disclosed are matrix metalloproteinases and TNF alpha secretion inhibiting compositions and a method for inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases and TNF alpha secretion. 5,665,754 Sep. 9, Substituted pyrrolidines Novel pyrrolidine compounds which are useful for inhibiting the function of Type IV 1997 phosphodiesterase (PDE-IV) as well as methods for making the same are disdosed. Applications in treating inflammatory diseases and other diseases involving elevated levels of cytokines, as well as central nervous system (CNS) disorders, are also disclosed. 5,665,714 Sep. 9, N-substituted The present invention relates to novel, therapeutically active fatty alkyl and alkenyl ether 1997 glycerophosphoethanolami glycerophospholipids bearing a 3-(2-imidazolinyl)-2-imidazolinyl or 2-imidazolinyl nes substituent on the ethanolamine nitrogen, methods of using the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions containing same. The novel, therapeutically active compounds and salts of the invention possess anti- tumor, anti-psoriatic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-asthma activities. 5,663,334 Sep. 2, Process for preparing Novel 1,4,5-substituted imidazole compounds and compositions for use in therapy as 1997 pyrimidyl imidazoles cytokine inhibitors. 5,658,949 Aug. 19, Inhibition of tumor necrosis A novel method of inhibiting production of two important mediators of cellular function, 1997 factor by retinoic acid tumor necrosis factor and nitric oxide; and treating a pathophysiological state characterized by an undesirable production or level of tumor necrosis factor or nitric acid. The methods of the present invention employ retinoic acid compounds. The most preferred retinoic acid is all-trans-retinoic acid. Also provided is a method of inhibiting tumor necrosis factor receptors using retinoic acid-like compounds. 5,658,940 Aug. 19, Succinimide and maleimide Novel succinimides and maleimides are inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor alpha and 1997 cytokine inhibitors phosphodiesterase and can be used to combat cachexia, endotoxic shock, retrovirus replication, asthma, and inflammatory conditions. A typical embodiment is methyl 3- (3′,4′,5′,6′-tetrahydrophthalimido)-3-(3″,4″-dimethoxyphenyl)propionate. 5,658,903 Aug. 19, Imidazole compounds, Novel 1,4,5-substituted imidazole compounds and compositions for use in therapy as 1997 compositions and use cytokine inhibitors. 5,658,581 Aug. 19, Histamine antagonist, an The invention relates to the use of a histamine antagonist, an interleukin-1 antagonist 1997 interleukin-1 antagonist and/or a TNF alpha anlagonist in a cosmetic, pharmaceutical or dermatological and/or a TNF alpha composition for treating sensitive skins. It relates especially to the use of a histamine antagonist in a cosmetic, antagonist, an interleukin-1 antagonist and/or a TNF alpha antagonist for preventing and/or pharmaceutical or combating skin irritations and/or sores and/or erylhema and/or dysaesthetic sensations dermatological composition and/or sensations of inflammation and/or pruritus and/or prickling and/or tingling and/or and composition obtained discomfort and/or tightness of the skin and/or mucosae. It also relates to a composition containing a histamine antagonist, an interleukin-1 antagonist and/or a TNF alpha antagonist which limits or eliminates the irritant side-effects of certain products, and in particular of certain cosmetic, dermatological or pharmaceutical active agents. 5,656,644 Aug. 12, Pyridyl imidazoles Novel 2,4,5-triaryl imidazole compounds and compositions for use in therapy. 1997 5,656,272 Aug. 12, Methods of treating TNF- Anti-TNF antibodies, fragments and regions thereof which are specific for human tumor 1997 alpha -mediated Crohn's necrosis factor- alpha (TNF alpha) and are useful in vivo for diagnosis and therapy of a disease using chimeric anti- number of TNF alpha -mediated pathologies and conditions, including Crohn's disease, as TNF antibodies well as polynucleotides coding for murine and chimeric antibodies, methods of producing the antibody, methods of use of the anti-TNF antibody, or fragment, region or derivative thereof, in immunoassays and immunotherapeutic approaches are provided. 5,654,407 Aug. 5, Human anti-TNF antibodies Human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) which bind to human TNF alpha are disclosed 1997 Autoantibodies of both the IgM and IgG isotypes are disclosed. A preferred human monoclonal antibody is known as BS (F78-1A10-B5 mAb) and it binds to recombinant human TNF alpha (rhTNF alpha) in ELISA format with a titer comparable to three high affinity neutralizing mouse mAbs. It also binds to cell surface TNF alpha and prevents TNF alpha secretion by human monocyle cell lines. 5,654,323 Aug. 5, Heterocyclic compounds A compound of formula (I): [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] (I) in 1997 which X, n, B and Y are as defined in the description useful as cytokine inhibitors. 5,654,312 Aug 5, Treatment of inflammatory Methods of treatment for inflammatory and autoimmune dermatoses which comprises 1997 and/or autoimmune topical and/or systemic administration of a therapeutically-effective amount of thalidomide dermatoses with alone or in combination with other dermatological agents. thalidomide alone or in combination with other agents 5,652,353 Jul. 29, DNAs encoding tumor It is an object of this invention to provide a human Tumor Necrosis Factor mutein or a 1997 necrosis factor- alpha pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof characterized in that the TNF sequence is muteins changed by a deletion, insertion, substitution or combinations thereof, of one or more amino acids so that the mutein shows a significant difference between its binding affinity to the human p75-Tumor-Necrosis-Factor-Receptor and to the human p55-Tumor-Necrosis- Factor-Receptor. The invention also includes DNA sequences coding for such muteins, vectors comprising such DNA sequences, host cells transformed with such vectors and a process for the production of such muteins employing such transformed host cells and pharmaceutical compositions containing such muteins and theiruse for the treatment of illnesses, for example cancer. 5,652,243 Jul. 29, Methods of using There is disclosed compounds and pharmaceutical compositions that are a resolved R or 1997 enantiomerically pure S (preferably R) enantiomer of an omega -1 alcohol of a straight chain alkyl (C5-8) hydroxylated xanthine substituted at the 1-position of 3,7-disubstituted xanthine. The inventive compounds are compounds effective in modulating cellular response to external or in situ primary stimuli, as well as to specific modes of administration of such compounds in effective amounts. 5,650,396 Jul. 22, Methods of modulating Methods for modulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the central nervous 1997 inflammatory cytokines in system comprising administering an effective amount of TGF- beta are disclosed. The the CNS using TGF- beta methods include suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines in the central nervous system by administering an effective amount of TGF- beta and inducing anti-inflammatory cytokines in d the central nervous system by administering an effective amount of TGF- beta. 5,650,316 Jul. 22, Uses of triplex forming The present invention provides novel methods of treating anti-neopastic and non- 1997 oligonucleotides for the neoplastic cell proliferative diseases. The present methods involve administration of triplex treatment of human forming oligonucleotides to humans to inhibit the biological activity of tumor necrosis factor. diseases Also provided are methods of treating neuro-oncologic states and renal cancer. 5,648,359 Jul. 15, Tumor necrosis factor There is provided a composition for inhibiting the production or secretion of tumor 1997 production inhibitors necrosis factor effective for the treatment of cachexia, septic shock, multiple organ failure, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, osteoarthritis, Behcet disease, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), graft versus host disease (GvHD), malaria, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), meningitis, hepatitis and Type II diabetes mellitus. The composition comprises a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of formula (1). 5,646,158 Jul. 8, 1,3,3- This invention relates to certain 1,3,3-(trisubstituted)cyclohex-1-ene monomers and 1997 (trisubstituted)cyclohex-1- related compounds which are useful in treating allergic and inflammatory diseases and for ene monomers and related inhibiting the production of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF). compounds 5,646,154 Jul. 8, Pharmaceutical Quinazoline compounds represented by general formula (1) or (2) possess an activity of 1997 compositions for inhibiting significantly inhibiting the production or secretion of a tumor necrosis factor and are useful the formation of tumor as drugs for the treatment of diseases wherein a tumor necrosis factor is considered to be necrosis factor involved in causing those diseases: [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] (1) [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] (2) wherein R<1> through R<7 > and A represent specific functional groups. 5,646,128 Jul. 8, Methods for treating Novel compounds which selectively inhibit adenosine kinase and methods of preparing 1997 adenosine kinase related adenosine kinase inhibitors are provided. Also provided are methods of treating various conditions inflammatory conditions, including arthritis and SIRS, which may be ameliorated by increased ocal concentrations of adenosine using adenosine kinase inhibitors. 5,644,034 Jul. 1, Tumour necrosis factor The present invention relates to ligands which bind to human tumour necrosis factor 1997 binding ligands alpha (TNF) in a manner such that upon binding of these ligands to TNF the biological activity of TNF is modified. In preferred forms the ligand binds to TNF in a manner such that the induction of endothelial procoagulant activity of the TNF is inhibited; the binding of TNF to receptors on endothelial cells is inhibited; the induction of fibrin deposition in the tumor and tumor regression activities of the TNF are enhanced; and the cytotoxicity and receptor binding activities of the TNF are unaffected or enhanced on tumor cells. The ligand is preferably an antibody, F(ab) fragment, single domain antibody (dABs) single chain antibody or a serum binding protein. It is preferred, however, that the ligand is a monoclonal antibody or F(ab) fragment thereof. 5,643,946 Jul. 1, Compounds useful for Compounds of the formula [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] 1997 treating allergic and wherein the substituents are as defined herein, are disclosed. Pharmaceutical inflammatory diseases compositions and methods of treating allergic and inflammatory diseases are also taught. 5,643,915 Jul. 1, Treatment of In accordance with the present invention, a method is provided for treating reperfusion 1997 ischemia/reperfusion injury injury, ischemia and runaway inflammatory conditions with thalidomide alone or in with thalidomide alone or in combination with other drugs selected from the group consisting of nitrates, beta- combination with other adrenoceptor blocking agents, anti-platelet/thrombolytic drugs, drugs acting as the therapies arachindonic acid cascade and calcium antagonists. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising thalidomide alone or in combination with other drugs are also provided. 5 643,893 Jul. 1, N-substituted- Novel N-substituted-(dihydroxyboryl)alkyl purine, indole and pyrimidine derivatives have 1997 (Dihydroxyboryl)alkyl been found to be useful as inhibitors of inflammatory cytokines. They can be used inter purine, indole and alia, in the therapy of septic shock, cachexia, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel pyrimidine derivatives, disease, multiple sclerosis and AIDS. The compounds are typically prepared by reaction of useful as inhibitors of an bromoalkyl boronic acid with the purine, indole or pyrimidine base. inflammatory cytokines 5,643,570 Jul. 1, BPI-immunoglobulin fusion Disclosed are novel hybrid fusion proteins comprising at their amino terminus, 1997 proteins bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein or a biologically active fragment thereof and, at their carboxy terminus, at least one immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain useful in treating bacterial infection. Also disclosed are DNA sequences encoding such proteins, recombinant methods for production of the proteins, and pharmaceutical preparations containing the recombinant products. 5,641,783 Jun. 24, Substituted amino alcohol Disclosed are compounds having a straight or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon structure 1997 compounds of formula [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] I In formula I, n is an integer from one to four and m is an integer from four to twenty. Independently, R1 and R2 are hydrogen, a straight or branched chain alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl of up to twenty carbon atoms in length or —(CH2)[w]R5. If R1 or R2 is —(CH2)[w]R5, w may be an integer from one to twenty and R5 may be an hydroxyl, halo, C1-8 alkoxyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle or heterocycle. Alternatively, R1 and R2 may jointly form a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated heterocycle having from four to eight carbon atoms, N being a hetero atom of the resulting heterocycle. R3 may be either hydrogen or C1-3. In the compounds, a total sum of carbon atoms comprising R1 or R2, (CH2)[n] and (CH2)[m] does not exceed forty. R4 is a terminal moiety comprising a substituted or unsubstituted, oxidized or reduced ring system, the ring system having a single ring or two to three fused rings, a ring comprising from three to seven ring atoms. The disclosed compounds are effective agents to inhibit undesirable responses to cell stimuli. 5,641,751 Jun. 24, Tumor necrosis factor Peptides which consist of 4-25 amino acids and which bind to tumor necrosis factor- 1997 inhibitors alpha, prevent tumor necrosis factor-alpha from binding to its receptors and inhibit tumor necrosis factor-alpha activity are disclosed. Methods of inhibiting tumor necrosis factor- alpha activity and of treating individuals suffering from tumor necrosis factor-alpha- mediated diseases and disorders are disclosed. 5,639,597 Jun. 17, Cell-free receptor binding The invention reates to cell-free receptor binding assays which permit the binding 1997 assays, the production and behavior of receptor proteins in the cell membrane toward natural or artificial ligands to be use thereof investigated. This entails the particular receptor being linked to a suitable carrier molecule, preferably the heavy chain of an immunoglobulin, and being bound via the carrier, with retention of its biological property, to a suitable solid phase. 5,639,593 Jun. 17, Method for determining Compositions and methods are described for identifying inhibitors of mature protein 1997 TNF hormone formation from a prohormone, and prophylactic and therapeutic uses of the inhibitors for treating diseases associated with elevated levels of the mature hormones, particulary sepsis, AIDS and autoimmune diseases. 5,635,517 Jun. 3, Method of reducing TNF 1-Oxo- and 1,3-dioxo-2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl) isoindolines substituted with amino in the 1997 alpha levels with amino benzo ring reduce the levels of TNF alpha in a mammal. A typical embodiment is 1,3- substituted 2-(2,6- dioxo-2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-5-aminoisoindoline. dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1-oxo- and 1,3-dioxoisoindolines 5,633,145 May 27, TNF alpha receptor-derived A polypeptide is provided which is capable of binding human TNF alpha and which has 1997 binding protein the first three cysteine-rich subdomains, but not the fourth cysteine-rich subdomain, of the extracellular binding domain of a receptor selected from the group consisting of the 55 kD and 75 kD receptors for human TNF alpha. The ability of the polypeptide to bind TNF alpha means that it can be used for treating diseases mediated by TNF alpha activity, such as rheumatoid arthritis. 5,632,982 May 27, Cytotoxic enhancement of Copper chelates serve as cytotoxic agents in conjunction with a surface membrane 1997 TNF with copper protein receptor internalizing agent, particularly TNF, which has independent cytotoxic activity, for use against target cells. By employing concentrations of the two agents, where the agents have substantially reduced adverse side effects, the combination is shown to have effective cytotoxic activity. 5,631,286 May 20, Compounds useful for Novel cyclohexanes of formulas (I) and (II) are described herein. They inhibit the 1997 treating allergic or production of Tumor Necrosis Factor and are useful in the treatment of disease states inflammatory diseases mediated or exacerbated by TNF production: these compounds are also useful in the mediation or inhibition of enzymatic or catalytic activity of phosphodiesterase IV. [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] (I) [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] (II) 5,631,258 May 20, Method of effecting This invention relates to methods of effecting immunosuppression and inhibiting tumor 1997 immunosuppression by necrosis factor alpha in a patient in need thereof comprising administering to said patient administering carbocyclic an effective immunosuppressive amount of a compound of the formula [See Original adenosine analogs Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] wherein the hydroxy substituent on the cydopentanyl ring is in the CIS configuration relative to the bicyclic substituent, Y3 is N, Y7, Y8 and Y9 are each independently nitrogen or a CH group, Q is NH2, halogen or hydrogen, and Z is hydrogen, halogen, or NH2; or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof. Also presented are pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds of the same formula. 5,629,315 May 13, Treatment of diseases There is disclosed compounds and pharmaceutical compositions that are a resolved R or 1997 using enantiomerically pure S (preferably R) enantiomer of an omega -1 alcohol of a straight chain alkyl (C5-8) hydroxylated xanthine substituted at the 1-position of 3,7-disubstituted xanthine. The inventive compounds are compounds effective in modulating cellular response to external or in situ primary stimuli, as well as to specific modes of administration of such compounds in effective amounts. 5,629,285 May 13, Inhibitors of TNF- alpha Compounds and methods are disclosed that are useful in inhibiting the TNF- alpha 1997 secretion converting enzyme (TACE) responsible for cleavage of TNF- alpha precursor to provide biologically active TNF- alpha. The compounds employed in the invention are peptidyl derivatives having active groups capable of inhibiting TACE such as, hydroxamates, thiols, phosphoryls and carboxyls. 5,627,262 May 6, Method and composition for The present invention contemplates a composition and method for treating septic shock 1997 the treatment of septic in a mammal or as a prophylactic treatment prior to a surgical procedure, comprising shock administering a therapeutically effective amount of a bacterial lipopolysaccharide binding peptide derived from CAP37 protein. In a preferred version, the composition and method of use may comprise a peptide comprising amino acids 20-44 or 120-146 of CAP37 or subunits thereof. 5,625,085 Apr. 29, Esters of acyl L-carnitines Esters of alkanoyl L-carnilines wherein the alkanoyl is a saturated or unsaturated, straight 1997 and pharmaceutical or branched alkanoyl having 2-26 carbon atoms, optionally omega -substituted with compositons containing trialkylammonium, dialkylsulfonium, hydroxyl, carboxyl, halogen, methanesulfonyl and same for treating endotoxic hydroxysulfonyl, are useful for preparing pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of shock endotoxic shock. 5,624,913 Apr. 29, Method reducing TNF- A method for reducing the TNF-alpha in mammals with cerebral malaria comprising the 1997 alpha in mammals with administration of 2-methylthio-ATP or 2-chloro-ATP. cerebral malaria 5,616,490 Apr. 1, Ribozymes targeted to An enzymatic RNA molecule which cleaves mRNA associated with development or 1997 TNF- alpha RNA maintenance of an inflammatory disease. 5,614,540 Mar. 25, Compounds useful for Novel compounds of Formula (I) [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] 1997 treating allergic and where X4 is a substituted cyclohexane or cyclohexane group and the other radicals are inflammatory diseases defined herein. These compounds inhibit the production of Tumor Necrosis Factor and are useful in the treatment of disease states mediated or exacerbated by TNF production. The compounds of the present invention are also useful in the mediation or inhibition of enzymatic or catalyyic activity of phosphodiesterase IV and are therefore useful in the treatment of disease states in need of mediation or inhibition thereof. 5,612,476 Mar. 18, Anti-endotoxin compounds Disclosed are lipid A analogs useful for the treatment of septic shock and LPS-mediated 1997 activation of viral infection. 5,612,349 Mar. 18, Enantiomerically pure There is disclosed compounds and pharmaceutical compositions that are a resolved R or 1997 hydroxylated xanthine S (preferably R) enantiomer of an omega -1alcohol of a straight chain alkyl (C[5-8]) compounds to treat shock substituted at the 1-position of 3,7-disubstituted xanthine. The inventive compounds are symptoms effective in modulating cellular response to external or in situ primary stimuli, as welI as to specific modes of administration of such compounds in effective amounts. 5,610,279 Mar. 11, Human TNF receptor The present invention is concerned with non-soluble proteins and soluble or insoluble 1997 fragments thereof, which bind TNF, in homogeneous form, as welI as their physiologically compatible salts, especially those proteins having a molecular weight of about 55 or 75 kD (non-reducing SDS-PAGE conditions), a process for the isolation of such proteins, antibodies against such proteins, DNA sequences which code for non-soluble proteins and soiuble or non-soluble fragments thereof, which bind TNF, as well as those which code for proteins comprising partly of a soluble fragment, which binds TNF, and partly of all domains except the first of the constant region of the heavy chain of human immunoglobulins and the recombinant proteins coded thereby as weIl as a process for their manufacture using transformed pro- and eukaryotic host cells. 5,606,023 Feb. 25, Mutant tumor necrosis Mutant tumor necrosis factor proteins which retain full or near full capability to bind to a 1997 factor proteins TNFR-p75 receptor while retaining only a limited capability to bind a TNFR-p55 receptor are provided. Methods of inhibiting toxicity induced by tumor necrosis factor by treating cells or tissues having a tumor necrosis factor receptor with these mutant human tumor necrosis factor proteins are also provided. Pharmaceutical compositions and methods of inhibiting systemic tumor necrosis factor induced toxicity in a p atient undergoing antitumor TNF- alpha therapy with these compositions are also provided. 5,605,923 Feb. 25, Compounds useful for Novel cyclohexene-ylidene derivatives of formula (I) are described herein. These 1997 treating inflammatory compounds inhibit the production of Tumor Necrosis Factor and are useful in the treatment diseases and inhibiting of disease states mediated or exacerbated by TNF production; they are also useful in the production of tumor mediation or inhibition of enzymatic or catalylic activity of phosphodiesterase IV and are necrosis factor therefore useful in the treatment of disease states in need of mediation or inhibition thereof. [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] (I) 5,605,914 Feb. 25, Imides Cyclic imides are inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor alpha and can be used to combat 1997 cachexia, endotoxic shock, and retrovirus replication. A typical embodiment is 2-(2,6-dioxo- 3-piperidinyl)-4-azalsoindoline-1,3-dione. 5,605,826 Feb. 25, 24 kilodalton cyloplasmic An apoptosis-associated protease having a relative mass of 24 kilodaltons and a defined 1997 protease activating DNA amino acid composition is disclosed, togetherwith a method for its purification from a fragmentation in apoptosis cyloplasmic extract of mammalian cells treated with an apoptosis-inducing agent, such as tumor necrosis factor- alpha or UV irradiation, that comprises affinity chromatography with the serine protease inhibitor DK120 followed by heparin-sepharose chromatography. The protease has activity against the elastase-like substrate MAAPV and is capable of inducing apoptosis in isolated U937 cell target nuclei. 5,605,690 Feb. 25, Methods of lowering active A method for treating TNF-dependent inflammatory diseases in a mammal by 1997 TNF- alpha levels in administering a TNF antagonist, such as soluble TNFR. mammals using tumor necrosis factor receptor 5,602,173 Feb. 11, Compounds useful for Novel cyclohexane-ylidene derivatives of formula (I) are described. These compounds 1997 treating allergic and inhibit the production of Tumor Necrosis Factor and are useful in the treatment of disease inflammatory diseases states mediated or exacerbated by TNF production. These compounds are also useful in the mediation or inhibition of enzymatic or catalylic activity of phosphodiesterase IV and are therefore useful in the treatment of disease states in need of mediation or inhibition thereof. [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] (I) 5,602,166 Feb. 11, Cytokine inhibitors Invented are methods of inhibiting the production of cytokines, particularly inhibiting the 1997 production of interleukin-1 and inhibiting the production of tumor necrosis factor in a mammal in need thereof which comprises administering to such mammal an effective amount of an azaspirane derivative. 5,602,157 Feb. 11, Compounds useful for Novel compounds or formula (I) are described herein. These compounds inhibit the 1997 treating allergic and production of Tumor Necrosis Factor and are useful in the treatment of disease states inflammatory diseases mediated or exacerbated by TNF production. The compounds or the present invention are also useful in the mediation or inhibition of enzymatic or catalytic activity of phosphodiesterase IV and are therefore useful in the treatment of disease states in need of mediation or inhibition therefore. [See Original Patent for Chemical Structure Diagram] (I) 5,597,899 Jan. 28, Tumor necrosis factor Human TNF muteins having higher binding affinity for human p75-TNF receptor than for 1997 muteins human p55-TNF receptor indude muteins having at least one different amino acid relative to wild-type human TNF at a position corresponding to position 33, 65, 67, 75, 87, 143, 145 or 147 of the wild-type amino acid sequence. 5,594,106 Jan. 14, Inhibitors of TNF- alpha Compounds and methods are disclosed that are useful in inhibiting the TNF- alpha 1997 secretion converting enzyme (TACE) responsible for cleavage of TNF- alpha precursor to provide biologically active TNF- alpha. The compounds employed in the invention are peptidyl derivatives having active groups capable of inhibiting TACE such as, hydroxamates, thiols, phosphoryls and carboxyls. 5,593,992 Jan. 14, Compounds Novel 1,4,5-substituted imidazole compounds and compositions for use in therapy as 1997 cytokine inhibitors. 5,593,991 Jan. 14, Imidazole compounds, use Novel 1,4,5-substituted imidazole compounds and compositions for use in therapy as 1997 and process of making cytokine inhibitors.

Throughout the present specification, reference has been made to various patent and non-patent publications, including the patents listed in Table 2. The entire disclosure of each such reference is incorporated herein by reference. The disclosure of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/084,668, filed on May 7, 1998, is also incorporated herein by reference.

Although the invention has been described with reference to the presently preferred embodiment, it should be understood that various modifications will become apparent to those of skill in the art upon review of the present disclosure. Such modifications are intended to be within the scope of the present invention. 

We claim:
 1. A method for diagnosing chronic pelvic pain syndrome or non-bacterial prostatitis in a subject experiencing chronic, episodic pain in the perineum or pelvic region. irritative and obstructive voiding symptoms and/or adverse effects on sexual function, said method comprising determining the level of one or more cytokines in semen from the subject, or in a component or fraction of such semen, wherein the one or more cytokines comprise a first group of one or more cytokines selected from the group consisting of GM-CSF and IL-8, whereby an elevated level of one or more of the cytokines indicates the presence of chronic pelvic pain syndrome or non-bacterial prostatitis.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the condition is non-bacterial prostatitis.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the condition is chronic pelvic pain syndrome.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the level of the one or more cytokines is measured in seminal fluid or a fraction or component thereof.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the level of the one or more cytokines is measured in seminal plasma.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the cytokine level is measured by an immunoassay.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or more cytokines further comprise a second group of one or more cytokines selected from the group consisting of IL-1-β, Il-6, and TNF-α.
 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the second group of one or more cytokines comprises TNF-α.
 9. The method of claim 7 wherein the second group of one or more cytokines comprises IL-1β.
 10. The method of claim 7 wherein the second group of one or more cytokines comprises IL-6.
 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the first group of one or more cytokines comprises GM-CSF.
 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the first group of one or more cytokines comprises IL-8.
 13. A method for diagnosing chronic pelvic pain syndrome in a subject, said method: (a) comprising determining the level of GM-CSF and/or IL-8 in semen from the subject, or a component or fraction of such semen, whereby the presence of GM-CSF and/or IL-8 in the semen or in the component or fraction of the semen indicates chronic pelvic pain syndrome; and (b) optionally comprising determining the level of IL-1βIl-6 and/or TNF-α in semen from the subject, or a component or fraction of such semen, whereby the presence of IL-1β, Il-6 and/or TNF-α in the semen or in the component or fraction of the semen is a confirmatory indicator of chronic pelvic pain syndrome.
 14. A method for diagnosing a condition in a subject, wherein said condition is associated with elevated levels of GM-CSF, said method comprising determining the level of GM-CSF in semen from the subject, or in a component or fraction of such semen. 